AV Geeks Lunch 9-3-2020

[Music] eisenhower for president headquarters in washington dc the movement gains impetus as senator lodge of massachusetts announces that ike's in the new hampshire primaries he tells of past political discussions during these discussions he said specifically that his voting record was that of a republican he also pointed out that his political convictions coincided with enlightened republican doctrine and that the family tradition was republican it is worth noting that in our conversations with general eisenhower he pointed out that he would never seek public office but would consider a call to political service by the will of the party and the people to be the highest form of duty i therefore authorize you governor adams to enter the name of dwight eisenhower in the primary election for the expression of the preference of the republicans of the state of new hampshire for president of the united states at the general's headquarters outside paris he confirms lodge's statement and says he'll accept a clear-cut call but right now his first concern is his present job building europe's defenses it is on this task that he now reports in this common effort many advances have been made during the past year morale is definitely sturdier among civilians and armed servants in numbers efficiency and in spirit the soldiers sailors and airmen of our allied force have been strengthened with the news of eisenhower's willingness to run the washington office from which the drive is directed grows busier as eisenhower definitely in the presidential race northern california digs out after the worst series of blizzards in 50 years roaring in from the pacific the storms have blanketed the countryside and halted all movement sometimes you have to dig for 10 feet to reach the roof of a car with buildings nearly buried the mailman's work becomes strenuous along one highway a snow depth of almost 20 feet is measured below almost hidden in the snow lies the crack express train city of san francisco which stalled at donner pass some seven thousand feet up in the high sierras while on route from chicago to san francisco in colfax 34 miles away nurses and other rescue workers board a relief train to go to the aid of the 222 passengers and crew members marooned on the snowbound streamliner these scenes give an idea of the depth of the snow the relief train finds the going tougher as it chugs higher in spite of a rotary plow in front to clear away donner pass got its name by the way from a party of pioneers who were stopped here a hundred years ago by blizzards there were no diesel trains to come to their rescue and many perished from cold and starvation though nature has run wild here snows are necessary for they provide water that irrigate california's farmland six miles from the streamliner heavy drifts force the relief train whose forward section can be seen ahead to stop [Music] provisions for the beleaguered passengers are loaded on army weasels which because of their caterpillar tread can get across the snow to the stalled city of san francisco the weasel is an amphibious vehicle developed during the war and since found to have a variety of peacetime uses here is the city of san francisco hopelessly blocked by snowdrifts its sides festooned with icicles it's been here three days with the passengers aboard a news magazine cameraman is the first news reel man there for the last two days the passengers have gone without heat 60 were overcome by gas fumes that are taken off on sled stretchers but none suffered serious injuries and they report that spirits were cheerful on the snowbound train then the monumental task of digging out the streamliner begins passengers are on their way home but for two more days the train lies embedded in its prison of snow now she moves she's on her way man has won this particular skirmish in the unending battle with the forces of nature the liner queen mary brings winston churchill prime minister of great britain into new york harbor for a series of vital talks with president truman down the gang flank to a coast guard cutter strides mr churchill to floyd bennett field new york and auto whisks the prime minister who will proceed in president truman's plane the independence to washington at 77 he's still vigorous in the capitol the reception includes full military honors mr churchill whose main purpose is to develop cooperation between britain and america in relations with communist countries is greeted by president truman who agrees that peace is what both our countries strive for the presidential yacht williamsburg is the scene of some of the conferences churchill makes it plain that he seeks aid only for a common defense effort now the british statesman enters the capitol for an address to a joint session of congress and honor rarely accorded foreigners he speaks now of europe's united defense effort the sooner strong enough forces can be assembled in europe under united command the more effective will be the deterrence against a third world war if i may say this members of the congress be careful above all things therefore not to let go of the atomic weapon until you are sure and more than sure that other means of preserving peace are in your hands [Music] at frenchman's platte nevada the atomic weapon of which churchill spoke is tested as a tactical weapon of war a film badge goes on the rifle to show how much radiation it receives scientists want to learn the effect of atomic rays on military equipment these dummies likewise are fitted with instruments to measure the radiation they undergo army trucks roll through the night carrying into the bomb zone combat troops the first as these previously secret films reveal ever to take part in atomic tests in the field five thousand hand-picked men move up in the cold on to take positions for the last of five atomic explosions generals william keane joseph swing and mark clark watch the operation their troops are only seven miles from the point where the bomb is to be detonated nervously the men awake the blast the tremendous detonation fell 260 miles away shakes the earth under the soldiers and the blast fills the air with flying dust the test is a terrifying experience but it shows that the atom bomb can be used in support of troops above them to a height of six miles rises the atomic cloud the test is successful a new use for the bomb is developed and a new weapon is added to our arsenal one that will never be used america hopes but that will serve as a deterrent to aggression vegetables are the raw materials for senior luigi lovroggi's art senor lovroggi of milan italy uses potatoes cabbage eggplant peppers and celery to create odd and decorative sculpture his depth fingers are at work now on a bird which seems almost to come to life before your eyes here's one of his finished works a swallow in flight a ballerina made of vegetables pirouettes gracefully for you [Music] and here's an elephant hoisting a log a dancer and a bird are followed by still another ballerina next is a rooster whose every feather is made of vegetables two racehorses with their jockeys parade to the post and here the vloggy presents a whole aviary of birds this cuckoo clock is a model for the sculptured cuckoo but you'll never see any of these masterpieces in a museum mercilessly they're tossed in the pot for supper thus nourishing body as well as mind at china lake california the navy demonstrates a new and complex device for observing and recording the flight of guided missiles film is threaded into the mobile motion picture camera the camera performs two functions it is telescopic bringing the missile photograph closer to the eye and it slows down the missile's meteor-like flight in the telescope tube of the camera an officer sees his reflection on the parabolic mirror the camera is called little bright eyes because of these huge binoculars through which the operator follows the target the camera is mounted on a mobile anti-aircraft gun turret the operator who must have high technical skill takes his seat through the binoculars he will follow the missile's flight while his hands control the camera's movement it can effectively film a missile at distances of from 1 to 20 miles [Music] now the target is spotted it's a plane a tiny speck off there rather than a guided missile for security reasons the operator follows it with his binoculars and the camera's parabolic mirror swings around too here's the film from the navy camera the code marks on the right are made by an electronic counter which registers speed distance rate of climb and other factors the camera exposing film five times as rapidly as our conventional camera reduces the plane's flight to one-fifth its speed the telescope magnifies the plane three miles away 22 times a navy invention advances development of our new weapons the revolutionary war was raging in america when england's captain cook discovered the hawaiian archipelago a tropic mountainous paradise of volcanic origin it was a fertile territory swept by sun and gentle trade winds and surrounded by rolling seas today the united states knows the islands as one of its most valuable outposts slightly more than two thousand miles away reached in nine hours by plane or a leisurely four and a half days by liner the islands comprising some 6400 square miles are the most important group of the central pacific these sparkling shores were probably the last habitable area to be occupied by man centuries ago setting out from asia by amalea java and tahiti waves of adventurous polynesian tribesmen landed in the hawaiian islands they traveled in boats like these across thousands of miles of open sea cook searching for new routes to the orient landed by accident at waimea bay in kauai in 1778 thus ending 1200 years of isolation cook called his discovery the sandwich islands more explorers followed the islands became an important point of call but native life began to disintegrate under outside influence then king kamehameha the great unified the islands in a decisive battle on oahu kamehameha defeated his last enemies driving most of them to their deaths over the pali where a modern highway now runs the wars had wiped out the religions missionaries came and christianity began to spread rapidly through the islands at the same time under the direction of the new england businessmen the natives began to plant sugarcane the hawaiian royal family lived in iolani palace last to reign was queen lilio kalani who wrote aloha hawaii's most famous song in 1893 a revolutionary movement ended the hawaiian monarchy thus passed royal power for the islands were annexed by the united states in 1898 american influence is shown in the first houses built by missionaries reminiscent of new england architecture the missionaries also established the first print shop where the bible was printed in the native language today the sugar industry started by early settlers forms the island's major source of income some 28 plantations like this one on kauai produce 8 million tons of sugarcane a year pineapple is the second biggest industry once an exotic local fruit it is now an important item on the american menu tourists form the third biggest business each year some 50 000 visitors land in the islands where they receive a friendly welcome the even temperature of the hawaiian islands cooled by currents from far away arctic seas averages about 75 degrees and riding a surfboard is as easy in january as in june the island's capital is honolulu on the island of oahu the famed aloha tower dominates the city the university of hawaii located here has twenty thousand students statehood is a burning question a constitution is voted which would permit hawaii to join the union and in some places what may be our future 49th state looks like texas or montana these cattle are grazing in the real far west [Music] other parts of the islands betray their volcanic origin a lighted match turns into steam vapors escaping from vents running deep into the earth's boiling center you can hardly go out of sight of a volcano in the islands while most of them are inactive monaloa on the island of hawaii is very much alive mauna loa in fact is the biggest and most active volcano in the world lava sands are the basis of several black beaches on the island of hawaii this is the start of a hukilao a great fishing party in which the choicest varieties are caught for the big feast [Music] it's a celebration in which everyone joins and even the k keys the children can hula in the time-honored manner in the history of the islands this famed native dance has served as both a religion and a language [Music] the luau is a traditional feast a favorite dishes poi made out of the root of the taro plant awe-inspiring beauty natural wealth on land and in the seas a deep sense of the past and of a new world to come these are the things that distinguish hawaii america's front door on the pacific for seven days the storm crippled flying enterprise is towed towards port by the british tug turmoil whose mate kenneth dancy has joined captain henrik kurt carlson aboard the listing ship when storm shattered the enterprise and healed her over carlson ordered her abandoned at the last minute he decided to stay aboard alone to try to save her the turmoil with an american destroyer standing by tows her 300 miles towards port then 80 miles from safety new storms crash over the enterprise the 5-inch tow cable snaps an engineer on the turmoil said later he wept when it happens the gale goes on men aboard the destroyer try to send food to carlson who's been living on pound cake and warming his hands over a candle each attempt to tie on a new tow line ends in failure the gale gets worse the enterprise now only 41 miles from falmouth is going down carlson and dance are told a helicopter will fly out from england to pick them up new winds force the plane back the gallant ship is flat on her sides and the heavy swell almost conceals her from the attending boats a great mass of debris and deck cargo is washed into the sea as the ocean poured over the superstructure carlson and dancy leaped from the funnel the turmoil picked them up after they'd been in the water for four minutes now the turmoil the destroyer keith and the tug englishman chartered for the press circle the ship in its last tragic moments the turmoil wires its base that captain carlson and dancy are safe and have gotten warm clothes and a shot of rum [Music] half an hour later the enterprise is 90 underwater her bow is almost straight up in the air and then she begins to settle in 40 fathoms of angry sea taking with her two million dollars of cargo steel automobiles antique furniture objects of art which can never be replaced ironically the sea turns calm the turmoil brings carlson and dancy to falmouth where the captain's danish mother and father wait with a crowd of ten thousand carlson and dancy are greeted by the town's mayor councillor carlson apologizes for not bringing his ship home with dancing on the left he tells how he slept on the slanted side of the cabin wall and prayed and read a book of maritime law to pass the hours then he's honored with a triumphal parade before he heads home to america [Music] landing at new york's idlewild airport carlson is greeted by his wife and daughters a few weeks ago he was just another sea captain today thanks to his heroic effort to save his ship he's an international hero and new york city gives him a hero's welcome a storm of paper the mildest storm carlson's faced showers upon him on the ride up lower broadway as the city opens its heart but the most touching welcome of all is that bestowed by woodbridge new jersey his hometown which gives a neighborly parade to the 37 year old danish born sea dog [Music] the high school majorettes have never strutted so well before and carlson says the reception amazes him as he speaks at the municipal building really i'm speechless my boss sent me out a few months ago with a beautiful ship and i come back with it back without it and yet you all seem to be very very heavy and cheer me and really i'm amazed i i do not know what to say i don't understand it all but they want i fell here today in this township from all of you as more than thousand-fold compensated for my little inconvenience out in the atlantic the last three weeks at home carlson refuses offers totaling thousands of dollars and says he'll go back to sea again sorry about that that just kind of ended um welcome i'm skip alzheimer welcome to the av geeks lunchtime streaming show um that was a big news reel called world and camera and um i think this was created for distribution to um theaters but it was also distributed to schools and um sponsored by different rural or regional businesses local businesses um hearst also did that with some of their stuff they had a similar type of thing but uh this one just had all sorts of great stuff some atomic test footage some shipwrecked footage some vegetable sculptures that was really quite something um thanks for tuning in and thank you calvin for donating some coffee and saying something nice um you can support any geeks by giving us coffee because that's what we like coffee make the world go around all right uh speaking of a look back this next film is called it's 50 years and it's part of the aeronautics space report that nasa would release every year or quarterly or periodically um depending on what they had going on this is their way to kind of say like to the public hey look this is what we're doing um give us money fund us so we can continue doing this this stuff um so here we go 50 years the 50th year [Music] oh nasa the national aeronautics and space administration presents aeronautics and space reports since 1917 nasa's langley research center hampton virginia has been serving this country's needs both in aeronautics and astronautics [Music] recalling some of the early history senior historian and curator for the smithsonian's national air and space museum mr paul garber welcome to the smithsonian institution national air and space museum [Music] the third head of this institution was samuel pierpont langley for whom the laboratory at hampton virginia was named and his successor charles doolittle walcott as early as 1912 realized that we should have here in america a laboratory where scientific investigations could be made of the basic facts of aeronautics so that our aircraft could be developed further this is probably the most famous award in the history of flight it was donated in 1912 by robert j collier who was then head of the aero club of america it is awarded annually for the greatest accomplishment in aeronautics or astronautics the value of which has been proven by a previous year of practical use eight times those awards have been either directly to naca or nasa that is the national advisory committee for aeronautics or the national aeronautics and space administration either directly or in connection with some development with which they were associated the award for 1929 was the first one to naca and that was for the engine cowling on the front of an airplane or on the engines of an airplane this cowling was a cylindrical sleeve that fit over the cylinders of the engine now on the spirit of saint louis those cylinders protrude and by protruding cause so much friction of the air that they are a serious drag to the speed of the aircraft but by development of the naca cowling that engine could be so enshrouded so is smooth so streamlined while at the same time the engine itself was better cooled that the performance of aircraft was increased greatly in fact the application of that cowling to such aircraft as the lockheed air express and to the winnie may increase the speed appreciably it was during the years following world war one that captain charles a lindbergh made the first solo flight across the atlantic drawing worldwide attention to the potential of the airplane dr robert h goddard successfully developed and fired liquid-fueled rocket motors events which would influence later history these were the post-war years at langley wind tunnels were being constructed wind tunnels able to test models in free flight making accurate measurements and corrections before a plane was built pointing the way to improved airplane design concepts to help determine the spin characteristics of aircraft a spin tunnel was so designed that models could be spun simulating full-scale free flight this same facility was used also to test out models of all of the manned spacecraft mercury gemini and apollo during the second decade at langley 1927 to 1937 the dirigible plagued by a series of tragic accidents and the biplanes faded from the scene [Music] in their place the all-metal single wing craft predecessors of our commercial airlines planes with two rather than three air-cooled engines and retractable landing gear [Music] the naca was asked to determine the conditions which caused ice formation on aircraft and developed means of preventing it these studies grew into a major effort that did in fact find a solution with the 1946 awarding of the collier trophy for the pioneering research to serve the needs of the seaplane and amphibious airplane designers the first of langley's hydrodynamic test tanks were made ready for operation towing a model hull through the water up to the point of a simulated takeoff speed engineers could suggest improvements in the basic design in later years mercury gemini and apollo water landing techniques would be checked out using the same tank world war ii dominated langley's third decade the urgency of the war dictated the programs of this period programs aimed many times at curing the immediate ills of already flying combat aircraft typical of these were the ditching studies here a highly instrumented b-24 was crash-landed in the james river research aimed at giving over the water combat crews a better chance of survival should they be forced down [Music] other work during the wartime period included studies of airplane stalling characteristics aircraft loads in maneuvering flight and problems associated with diving and braking [Music] near the end of the war langley scientists were working on the idea of wing sweepback an idea for attaining higher flight speeds one method of experimentation was with rocket propelled models these early studies can be seen in present flying airplanes high speed presented some problems of ejecting from an airplane this test pilot was subjected to wind tunnel blasts at speeds up to 400 miles per hour to check human tolerance october 1947 captain charles e yeager piloting the bell x1 flew through the speed of sound for the first time and pioneered the way to supersonic flight speeds made possible by the long research effort that had begun early in the war at langley the next decade 1948 to 1957 research continued on the x series of aircraft these included the x3 x5 and the most significant airplane design the x-15 hypersonic research aircraft shown here being proved out in a langley wind tunnel today the x-15 travels at speeds in excess of 4 000 miles per hour and is returning information about high-speed high-altitude flight as it maneuvers close to the fringes of space research and flight tests of helicopters continued to take place to help determine future designs a landing loads track began operation during this period with it aircraft landing gear could be subjected to the same type of load stress encountered during landing later tests identified the problem of aircraft and automobile hydroplaning as a result of water-drenched pavements a condition that can cause loss of control speaking about his years in aviation general james h doolittle former chairman of the national advisory committee for aeronautics this is my 50th year in aviation i started in 1917. in those days the airplane was very simple there was a stick and wire contraption covered with cloth and if somebody had drawn a picture of a modern day airplane we would have thought him slightly mad perhaps the best way to explain what's happened in aviation is to say that in those days there was a fixed landing gear simple engine simple airframe then then came flats flaps slots retractable landing gears jet engine air conditioning pressurization and all of the multiple manifolds communicational and navigational equipment all the military equipment that's gone in and the airplane from a very simple thing has become very complex the most modern airplanes today cost something over 5 million or a thousand times more than they cost in 1917. this gives some indication of the increased complexity of aviation and of course the the improved performance and utility of aircraft today but uh part of that of course is due to a reduction in the purchasing power of the dollar but most of it is due to the things that have been put in the aircraft now if we look at this airplane over here we see a subsonic aeroplane flying at around 600 miles an hour crossing the continent in about five hours uh i see in the future the supersonic airplane that will cross the continent in uh something over an hour and uh far prior to that there's a very large airplane the boeing 747 the lockheed c5a which will greatly reduce the cost of air travel and tremendously increase the amount of air travel it will have a profound effect on air cargo and the amount of air cargo that's carried there will also be the vtol and st oil aircraft that will make it more convenient to fly and will save time over short distances all of these things are coming to study the heating problems generated by re-entry flight into the earth's atmosphere arc jet facilities were put into use at langley with the orbiting of the russian sputnik getting men into space and returning them safely through the searing heat of reentry became a high priority problem [Music] now in the decade of the sixties the langley research center is charged with a dual responsibility continue aeronautical research and contribute to the science of space flight a space task group originally formed at langley went on to become the manned spacecraft center by the end of the mercury program there was no doubt that man could live and work in space at the white house president kennedy awarded the collier trophy to the first seven astronauts and i'm particularly glad that the decision has made been made to award the trophy this year to them i think it honors a extraordinary page in american history as well as in the history of flight and uh i hope that this award which in a sense closes out this particular phase of the space program will be a stimulus to uh them and to other astronauts who will carry our flag to the moon and perhaps even someday beyond so it's great pleasure i present to them a celebrated award [Music] here are some of langley's other projects echo an automatically inflating satellite grew out of a langley concept and was developed there rendezvous undocking critical to the apollo moon program was studied and determined feasible [Music] commercial supersonic transport the initial configuration was developed to meet the unique flight requirements lifting bodies this the so-called hl10 craft which may someday shuttle men and equipment through space then land like a conventional plane at an airport vtol vertical takeoff or landing aircraft forerunners of intercity transports which fly forward at high speed and then set down like a helicopter the concept for this tilt-wing craft evolved into the first operational vtol transport lunar orbiter a series of moon mapping craft surveying safe landing sites for american astronauts conceived and managed by langley scientists airport landing studies and the list could go on langley research center in 50 short years it has risen from a few buildings and facilities testing out biplanes to join nasa's national effort in both aeronautics and space but it's really 50 years of people people make the machines and design the test facilities and plan the missions [Music] this has been an aeronautics and space report presented by nasa the national aeronautics and space administration thanks everybody for their uh concern about my scratchy voice um sinus issues uh it kind of happens when there's a bunch of air conditioning and uh that's okay uh so that last film was great um looking at the history of nasa for 50 years 1967 a couple of stories there one i saw john glenn in the ticker tape parade in new york city uh in 1998 after his shuttle mission and uh i'd never been to a ticker tape parade before and it was really quite something people warned me like yeah you'll see the all the paper fall and then you'll start seeing all these little fires because people are not extinguishing their cigarettes and sure enough that's what i saw uh the second part of this is that um in a parallel world i would have been digitizing a bunch of the nasa film and video as it stands i digitized probably 600 films and video of their educational programs but i did go to langley nasa and um did look at their collection and was getting ready to set up to start scanning a bunch of their stuff because they have a wide variety they have the history of aviation there that's well beyond the space program stuff also supposedly there's a bar hidden on the space uh somewhere uh in the facility i never got to see it but um i was very eager to do this project i was gonna spend five years of my life going from space uh center to space center doing this but it the funding fell fell apart at the last moment and so blas um let's uh let's see here's a film about making yourself understood enjoy so because we are social beings reared in a social way of life all of us have to communicate with one another to give expression to our feelings and thoughts obviously at the other fellow to think or feel or do something listen [Music] fire fire everybody else i love you joan you won't find a more attractive head in town i'm a lord hi a soldier and a feared and that's the news of the world today now for the local news whatever its purpose every communication is an activity in which people arrive at common understandings consider for example the way in which this policeman communicates when he gives this signal he gets this response from the driver the driver responds to the idea of stopping to his recollection of what might happen if he didn't stop and to the policeman himself as a symbol of authority of course the same ideas could be evoked by a mechanical signal or they could be evoked by a word language written and spoken is our principal tool of communication words sentences and statements form symbols which we can use to convey almost all meanings but to use language effectively we have to make other people understand what we are saying as well as understand ourselves what they are saying every communication situation has these elements the communicator or person doing the talking the content of his message the medium or method of communication he is using the audience to whom he is speaking and the response the audience is making to his message each of these elements is important for effective communication in any situation we may ask who is saying what to whom with what effect in other words who is talking what is he saying what medium is he using to whom is he speaking and what response is he getting knowing the answers to these questions helps us to act more effectively in any situation either as the communicator or as the audience first let's consider what happens when someone else is doing the talking other people are constantly bombarding us with communications who are these communicators and what are their purposes in speaking to us knowing this helps us to respond more intelligently to what they are saying for example mrs clark like most of us considers who is talking and what her purpose is in a situation like this oh i don't know these new styles but it's such a nice style on you no thank you i'll try somewhere else likewise mrs clark considers who is talking and what his purpose is in a situation like this say mom are you and dad going out tonight why george does it matter whether it goes out oh i don't know i just thought maybe you weren't they've got some awful good tv programs on tonight you know but you're going to the dance tonight aren't you yes but and i suppose you want the car again well young man you'll have to take that up with your father oh mom [Music] yes when mrs clark knows the communicator she considers his purpose in communicating as well as what he is saying but she may not do this in every situation well that's settled the town can't afford the new community house we've all been shouting for what makes you think that settles it there the town needs that building and we're going to get it but they say it costs too much who says so well they say so right here in the paper you mean jim thompson and his gang says so i'd look twice at whatever he says about that community house why do you say that if it's in the paper it must be right in this situation mrs clark has not asked who is talking but mr clark tries to consider the source of most statements he happens to know that this statement comes from a group of people who always oppose community projects that might add to taxes knowing this helps him to judge the statement more intelligently another question to ask when someone else is doing the talking is this what do his words and statements mean to him what is he really trying to say our friend the policeman communicates effectively because his signal means exactly the same thing both to himself and his audience but the meanings of words and statements are seldom exact and they seldom mean quite the same thing to different people just think next year we'll all be in college yep i'm going to state i guess oh bill what do you want to go to state for why don't you come along and go to caldwell with me caldwell i don't know much about it what kind of a place is caldwell it's a pretty classy place good fraternities keen girls everybody has a car a lot of kids with dough go there oh it's that kind of place is it no i guess i'll just go to state the difference between bob and bill lies in the meaning of a few words and a lot of kids with dough go there bob's interests and experiences have made this a pleasant idea to him but to bill these words have just the opposite emotional meaning many of the words we use have somewhat different emotional meanings for people with different experiences i am honored today to present to you the next mayor of our city he is a friend of labor a friend of business a friend of every group an interest in our community mr john p garrison [Applause] mr cox gives an emotional response to one of the speaker's statements he is a friend of labor these words suggest to him certain uncomfortable experiences he has had with some of his employees the words also have an emotional meaning for mr garvey another businessman to him they suggest the satisfaction he once derived from his association with a labor organization everyone responds emotionally to words and statements if we are aware of these feelings we are better able to control our responses now of course when we are doing the talking and someone else is listening our problem is how to make ourselves understood that is how to use language that will establish our meanings with our audience the first question to consider is who is this audience what are its past experiences or predispositions obviously we would never try to explain algebraic equations to this pair of youngsters we know they haven't the maturity and experience to understand them the same thing goes for all the people we talk to every day all of them are different personalities having somewhat different experiences behind them giving them somewhat different predispositions all of them take the words we use to mean something a little different knowing our audience even helps us in such an obvious matter as using words it understands a doctor for instance puts it this way to a patient henry you've got a bad case of athlete's foot one of the worst cases i've seen we'll try to do something about it but to a colleague he puts it this way by the way doctor i had an acute case of epidermophytosis today but knowing our audience does more than this it also helps us to put our ideas into words that will move our listeners to respond as we wish [Music] frank give me back that letter mother make him stop it helen's got a letter helen's got a letter now frank stop that give helen back her letter and stop being such a baby oh all right here helen and helen i'm surprised at you scuffling around like a like a regular rough neck mother knows just what symbols to use to make frank and helen respond as she wishes we can generally get a more favorable response to an idea if we use words and statements having the right emotional appeal hello george yes i'm fine thank you george i'm calling to remind you about your contribution to the community chest well this is a new year you know yes um well i don't know whether i can give as much this year well george to tell you the truth we're asking you to give more if you can the people that count have to support this thing you know this is a decent clean prosperous community and we've got to keep it that way all right you've got a good point there i'll send you a check language appealing to self-esteem and civic pride is effective in this situation but with a different audience another set of symbols is needed hi fellas paul you fellas make your contribution to the community chest yet nah you don't think you can get any dough off of us do you we're just working for coffee and donuts around here wow but you're working aren't you what about people too sick to work people out of luck they need help don't they what about the clinics for kids and the help that goes to mothers and older folks we've got to give those people a hand yeah i suppose we do this audience responds to a different set of words though the underlying idea is the same besides using the right language we have also to use the right medium of communication to reach our audience most of us know already how important it is to choose the right situation for instance we wouldn't try to discuss a weighty problem at a time like this likewise we would never try to make a serious speech at a time like this every audience has to be approached at the proper time and place and every audience has to be reached through the proper medium and if we wish to reach audiences of millions we have to use one of the media of mass communication the press radio or television but whatever media we use and whatever audiences we reach the questions to ask are the same who is talking what is he saying what medium of communication is he using to whom is he speaking what response is he getting the answers to these questions are the guideposts to effective communication they help us to that understanding of one another that is essential for successful living and working together so uh community chest that's uh that's a monopoly term but um in looking at a lot of films from this time period community chests were local and regional funds that were set up to help with social organizations like the red cross scouts girl scouts whatever um you know disaster funds uh medical funds supporting orphanages things like that and a lot of the community chests actually kind of evolved into united ways over the years um although i'm sure they still exist in some some regard i think there's also the red feather organization was another type of community chest there were several but this is something that you know local uh communities would put money towards a fund and that fund would help other people in the community uh disadvantaged folks disadvantaged either for whatever reason anyways um i love that film that's a great great film um kind of timeless so this next film is kind of weird it's uh it's called follow the leader and um [Music] it's about air travel kinda and i should also mention that we uh during the nasa film that was supposedly according to my notes our 700th film that we have shown since mid-march now there's a lot of stuff that hasn't been counted and some stuff has been counted twice but i'm just gonna go with it i'm just gonna say 700 films so congratulations everybody 700 films that's pretty amazing um and we'll just keep going just keep going until i just give out all right uh so i said this next film is um follow the leader um it's very odd so enjoy [Music] oh [Music] charlie we've had our eye on you for quite a while watching you work seeing how you get along with people noticing how you think things through and you've passed every test with flying colors in fact you've done so well that we're taking your job away from you i mean charlie we're making you a supervisor from now on you're in charge you'll be communicating evaluating coaching helping suggesting training getting things done through people people from other departments people from management people in your own section people alongside you above you below you in short charlie you're a leader well what do you say trying to figure out what kind of a leader to be aunt charlie wondering how to get people to follow you maybe you ought to be happy go lucky good time charlie that'll make him like you that charlie what a sense of humor never hear an unpleasant word from charlie good old charlie or maybe you ought to be well informed charlie the wise that'll win their respect ask charlie he knows all the answers that charlie's a good thinker you can always depend on charlie or maybe you ought to be tough decisive charlie the great get him to obey you with no questions asked charlie's straight as they come but he's fair when charlie says do it he means do it charlie knows how to keep people in line or maybe charlie you shouldn't be thinking about who you're going to be maybe you should be thinking about where you're going to go your purpose your objectives that's the first thing a good leader needs charlie a good strong sense of direction without it he can't lead anybody anywhere except into confusion [Music] once he knows where he's headed once he's clear about the job he's got to do and why he's on the road to leadership he drives for production getting the job done he drives for efficiency getting it done with the least possible cost in time money and effort he drives through efficient production for the satisfaction of company goals its standards its leadership its future and once he's got his objectives clear he can begin to lead other people toward it and he falls into line with others who have the same objectives are headed in the same direction he takes his place in a formation a communications network on the move every station sending and receiving essential information acme is talking about an across-the-board reduction in price materials expected last week aren't here yet reservation ticket office airport passengers no longer allowed entry big buck without visa original invoice shows that order was placed for commissary requesting special meal service as follows for important groups model number 814 is being outsold because of outmoded premise the network keeps all its stations informed of changes and conditions up ahead calls for adjustments to accommodate advises that instructions be passed on down the line so that the formation as a whole can maintain consistent direction speed and altitude of course a strong sense of direction and purpose is just the first thing a leader has to have it's important for him to know where he's going but it's just as important for him to be sure that he's got the energy it takes to get there his own individual energy isn't enough what he needs to draw on is the full energy of the group the energy of the group that's what makes things go that's what gets things done all that human energy at your disposal skills brains talent your job is to direct it coordinate it organize it to do the work that has to be done but before you can use it the energy of the group has to be available available for work available to do the job lost energy energy that's allowed to dissipate it can let you down and hard how does energy get lost it happens for many reasons sometimes it gets blocked locked up inside how many times do i have to explain don't you ever get anything right frozen energy congealed by fear stupid careless you ought to be fired chilled by criticism immobilized by doubt sometimes productive energy simply goes up in smoke he gives me all the dirty jobs and gives all the good assignments to his buddies but just wait one of these days i'll get my chance and when i do i'm gonna make that supervisor pay energy burned up by resentment over favoritism and unfair practices in some cases energy just melts away nobody even knows i'm alive never a word about whether i'm doing my job right or wrong well i guess it doesn't matter my job's not important i'm not important energy draining away through neglect dying of lack of motivation and think of all the productive energy that's lost in clashes between co-workers tugs of war between departments petty skirmishes up and down the line all that waste doesn't just happen charlie it's caused brought about by methods of supervision that never really worked and which are now obsolete this species was known as the empire builder if i can make my job seem mysterious and complicated arrange things so nobody can understand them i'll be indispensable his method was to hold back essential information from his employees but as it worked out he held himself back trying to hold others down he brought about his own downfall wrong the loud mouthed fault finder his method was to scare intelligent people into acting stupid wrong when stupidity went out of style he went with it the one man banned never delegated anything tried to do it all himself you'll have it first thing in the morning i'm doing it myself no i'll take care of it myself i'll write it read it answer it correct it he died of organizational complexity strangled by incoming call the credit grabber was just the opposite never did a thing just claimed all the credit when things went right when they went wrong he generously shared the blame this is a recording i'm sorry the number you have reached is not a working number he was reclassified as deadwood no one has ever come to claim him i'm sorry the number you have reached is not a working number the world moved on and they never noticed until too late that yesterday was done for [Music] you're a new kind of leader charlie brought into being by new conditions new growth new speed new competition new ways of doing things conditions that demand new kinds of knowledge new flexibility new skill in dealing with human beings well what basic equipment will you need first a comprehensive knowledge of your product accurate and up to date second a steady eye on your objectives production efficiency company standards and third the understanding that these can only be achieved by making the best use of all the energies at your disposal [Music] by maintaining discipline in a positive constructive way [Music] by giving people the recognition they deserve and need by distributing rewards with justice and without favor by developing your people's strength through training and then giving them responsibilities in keeping with their growing aptitudes [Music] because in the last analysis their strength is yours leadership is the art of directing other people's minds toward a goal [Music] that had nothing to do with air travel i kind of i'm there were two films that i transferred around the same time and one of them is like a travelogue and then there's this one and this one of course has the pan am thing in the beginning um but uh yeah i kind of looked at my normal places databases uh [Music] that i look at online one of them is worldcat and this has no mention of this film but eventually i did a search for let's see if i can bring it up i did a search for um the title 16 millimeter pan am and it brought this up um you know as you can see this is you know this was a guide that was sent for management uh people was like here are some films that might help you explain management issues and so you can see that it um sold for 171. which is weird why 171. um you could rent it for 19. you could preview it for 10. um animated puppet shows how to be a good supervisor and a bad one this is just barely animated a good supervisor has comprehensive knowledge of his product always keeps objectives in mind and makes the best use of energy and facilities at his disposal as a training tool to film aids in developing leadership skills that are immediately useful the problems pitfalls and barriers facing would-be leader or newly appointed supervisor are analyzed in the light of his basic responsibility getting things done with people his responsibility eleven page discussion guide is supplied with the film and additional copies are available for 15 cents each so this is you know this is the the market this film was not made for free for the common good this was made to make money um now it's possible that this film was made for management at um it moves out of the way so it doesn't flicker so much uh was made for management at um pan am they realized that they were having some issues with their management and this was a way to try to address that come up with a common lecture presentation and then make much as a bunch of copies of it um i mean that's certainly what those uh alcoa management films the ones that are made by calvin do is that they were like ways to kind of talk about management um because i knew that bad managers were bad okay so where are we at time wise do we want to watch uh here's a film about computers very very very early computers and kind of explaining the concept of computers this is called thinking machines [Music] our lives are being rapidly changed by the development of large computing machines used in business industry defense to automate factories and to perform scientific calculations they can do arithmetic and straightforward mathematical computations with incredible speed as a consequence they can carry out calculations much too complex for a human being they can do simple logic and when given facts can make elementary decisions in this respect they can already be said to replace the human brain the question that arises is how far can this process go to what extent can the human brain be replaced by a collection of vacuum tubes and transistors man's progress is largely a consequence of his wonderful restless imaginative brain his ability to think intelligently in coping with the problems of his environment the question is what is the nature of the thought process what is it that enters into what we mean by thinking by ideas by imagination if we can identify these processes perhaps they can be built into machines we haven't gotten very far yet but in the short time the concentrated development on so-called thinking machines has been underway enormous progress has been made in this issue of horizons of science we will see some of the researchers who are working on the problem using a variety of approaches of making machines duplicate the brain in the long run to make intelligent thinking machines mathematician claude e shannon of the massachusetts institute of technology designed this electronic maze not to prove any special point but mostly for fun it happens to show however one way in which a machine learns and acts on what it is learned the movable walls of the maze can be arranged to make millions of different patterns through which the artificial mouse must travel to reach its goal an artificial piece of cheese to find its way through the pattern the mouse proceeds as we would by trial and error when it makes contact with the wall of the maze and discovers it cannot go straight ahead it turns and keeps on turning till it has found its way again it explores each step of the way with its copper whiskers here's a dead end the only thing to do is go back again having been through the maze just once the mechanical mouse is able to remember the correct path set down anywhere along that path it takes the most direct route without making a single false turn on through to the end of the trail [Music] if dr shannon puts the mouse down in a new part of the maze one it has not traveled before it again resorts to trial and error but on re-entering familiar territory it remembers every turn now the maze is changed again near its very end things go smoothly enough at first as the mouse proceeds on the basis of information it remembers now it's running into trouble but fortunately it is able to adapt to this new situation it resorts once more to trial and error and acquires reliable new information to replace the old but sometimes there's a problem without a solution and even a mechanical mouse must have a helping hand this agile three-wheeled little mouse contains a small bar magnet controlled from underneath the maze by an electromagnet that is mounted on a carriage driven by two electric motors 100 relays and electrical circuits remember the directions for the mouse in much the same way that information is remembered in a dial telephone system dr shannon's mechanical mouse demonstrates that machines can learn by experience and can revise what they've learned when it no longer works two important characteristics at least of intelligent behavior what can we learn about thinking from a game of chess one challenging approach has been made by mathematician alex bernstein based on this ancient intellectually demanding game with its complex moves and its endlessly varying patterns of play if chess had been played at the rate of a million games a second since the beginning of recorded time only a small fraction of all the possible games would yet have been played no human being can play a perfect game of chess and neither can any conceivable machine to find out how good a game of chess a machine might play mr bernstein and his collaborators prepared a chess playing program for the ibm 704 a digital computer that has performed one billion calculations in a single day in computing the orbit of an artificial satellite the chess playing program is given to the 704 on a reel of magnetic tape on the chessboard itself the moves are made by mr bernstein for both players as he makes a move he communicates it to the machine the machine prints out the position of all the pieces its own and its opponents to correspond with the chessboard on every move in calculating its moves the machine considers the board square by square is the square occupied by whose man is it under attack can it be defended can it be occupied all this has taken a long time by computer standards one tenth of a second now the computer proceeds to select its move it has about thirty possible moves after asking eight preliminary questions about each of them it selects seven of the thirty for further analysis it tests each of the seven through four moves ahead considering its opponents possible replies and its own possible counter responses in each case it examines twenty eight hundred positions in eight minutes now the machine prints out its move it elects to take the opponent's knight with its own bishop mr bernstein takes the machine's bishop with his queen the move is recorded but the machine rejects the move as illegal the difficulty is in incorrect coding which is corrected the game continues with the machine playing methodically and tirelessly it's never absent-minded and never makes an obvious blunder in individual moves it often plays like a master in a complete game it can defeat an inexperienced player but can be outwitted by a good one this game has gone up to the twenty first move mr bernstein attacks strongly threatening the machine's night with his castle he records the move the machine's response is a useless pawn move its unprotected night is lost to mr bernstein's castle the machine recognizes its position as hopeless and resigns after losing a game the machine will still make the same moves again and lose in the same way someday though not soon mr bernstein feels a program may be designed that will enable the computer to profit by its own mistakes and improve its chess game on the basis of its experience against human opponents the machine we see here can perform a function that was once only possible for living creatures to perform it looks at a drawing of a circle a triangle [Music] a square or a pentagon and makes a decision about the essential nature of each image communicating it to us on the panel above it is called a pattern recognizer and it was designed by mr leon harmon an electrical engineer in the visual research department of the bell telephone laboratory [Music] in scanning these figures the pattern recognizer looks for and tries to extract the essential feature in this case three-sidedness within limits it can recognize any triangle no matter what its size or position the pattern recognizer calls this image square in whatever direction it lies whether it is large or small the figure is still properly identified as a square separate objects can be distinguished from line drawings the machine can recognize that three distinct objects have been presented rather than a three-sided figure or four objects the same thing is true of five objects or six pattern recognizers have a definitely useful purpose we might one day have systems to read handwriting detect certain cells under a microscope or recognize individual human faces can we expand our notions about intelligence to include machines there is no simple yes or no answer mr harmon states his point of view the behavior of some man-made machines is impressive computers and other devices recognize patterns learn by trial and error process speech and visual information in very useful ways and play abstract games like chess they perform elaborate computations make decisions store and handle vast amounts of information simulate almost any other machine even design other machines but they can only do as they are told executing complicated instructions carefully planned for them they have no imagination they cannot create or invent and therefore they do not think in any real sense consequently we can't call them brains in structure the differences between computers and brains are vast the building blocks which make up the brain are extremely complex this is a drawing of a single neuron there can be thousands of individual connections to each one the neuron is microscopically small it is less than one thousandth the length of a typical computer element a transistor which typically has only a few connections leading in and out the difference in complexity between nature's building blocks and our electronic ones illustrates only part of the vast difference between brains and computers our most complex computers have something like a million elements in them while the brain contains roughly ten billion that is the human brain has ten thousand times as many working parts as the computer and each one of them is many many times more complicated actually no one really understands the intricate mechanism of the brain in order to study the brain we can investigate it directly however we can also work with models in order to test our ideas of how the brain may function we can for example use simple electronic models of nerve cells this device simulates some of the properties of a single living nerve cell we call it an artificial neuron we can connect numbers of these units together to get a variety of complicated responses to stimuli if we connect a photocell to the input a series of pulses is generated somewhat like those that are found in the visual system and brain of living creatures increase the illumination and the frequency of pulsing increases decrease the illumination and the frequency of pulsing falls off by carefully arranging and extending such simple models as this it may be possible to gain more knowledge about how information is processed by living systems we hope that in the evolution of our ideas about building machines to find ways of designing systems that will learn for themselves that may profit from their experience and do useful things in non-predictable ways it will take tremendous amounts of research and exploration to gain more knowledge about intelligent functions in both machines and brains at some points our findings from both areas may come together perhaps someday we will really be building intelligent machines also a time may come when we will understand the complexities of the human brain the roads to such understanding are long but they are fascinating and tremendously challenging [Music] [Applause] [Music] so all right so that went on a lot longer than i had remembered it being but uh yeah it's it's interesting to look at uh old computer footage and the you know the interface how they were used um and ultimately you know what their visions of the future were going to be like with computers and we can talk about that now and see what they got right what they got wrong um thanks everybody for tuning in today in your comments and for joining us on our 700th film screen uh or film that we screened um again if you like what you saw buy some coffee or like and subscribe um or go to avgeeks.com and see what we got going on um very much appreciate your time your comments and spending the time with you i hope you have a good rest of the day as always take care see you next time please rewind and love each other and we'll see you soon bye you