AV Geeks Lunch 9-22-2020

in less than five years an astronaut will be stepping out on the moon to conduct man's first real exploration of our oldest satellite it will have been a long voyage carrying him far from his native land planet earth into a strange and airless world to survive he must carry with him a bit of his familiar environment how bio engineers are designing a spacesuit that will support astronauts on a round-trip lunar mission is our story today on science reporter [Music] so [Music] hello i'm john fitch mit science reporter speaking to you from the moon or at least a reasonable facsimile thereof actually the simulated lunar landscape and this mock-up of the lunar excursion module are at the manned spacecraft center in houston texas where engineers for the national aeronautics and space administration are testing and evaluating the performance of the apollo space suit actually uh encapsulating a man into a suit that protects him from his environment at the same time gives him adequate life support is no very novel idea deep sea divers have depended on just such a solution for their descents into hostile ocean depths for decades but as it applied to going up instead of going down bioengineering got a much later start it wasn't until world war ii when airplanes began nosing up to an airless twenty thousand feet the man found he was stretching beyond his natural reach breathing oxygen systems had to be divided and not so many years later men flying high-speed military planes at ever higher altitudes required anti-force and decompression protective systems but today as we move into the space age these few problems seem relatively tame when they're measured against the support systems that man will require for lunar explorations and to find out about these uh systems that will be used to protect men on the moon we talked to mr matthew radnofsky assistant chief of the systems development branch here at the manned spacecraft center john before i show you the apollo suits i think you ought to see a couple of our earlier models here we have the al shepard's suit this is the mercury suit some of the interesting things about this suit are note there that there aren't any movable joints in this no hard joints no sealed rings or anything else all mobility is achieved by very clever uh tailoring uh you can see artificial breaks that have been sewn into the suit realizing of course that this entire suit is simply but a bladder and that the restraining garment on the outside is what allows us to have uh mobility note in the elbows that we have no special joints simply through the use of this uh uni directional restraint we're able to get a certain amount of mobility in the elbow i mean if you didn't have that you just sort of be out like a balloon exactly he would inflate and be almost rigid he just about couldn't move at all this green bottle is interesting this is the way we uh originally uh sealed our helmets the visor see this visor moves up and down and by inflating a seal that's around the periphery of it we achieve uh quite an excellent ceiling of the entire suit was this a really significant um step forward in uh suits or was not really because this suit uh was is really based on a developmental item that came from the navy this suit as it stands is very similar to the mach 4 navy suit which is used in conventional high altitude aircraft with some minor modifications in the in the hand we've uh added a different kind of a palm restraint in here uh but generally speaking the suit doesn't differ significantly from uh the uh department of defense uh model at the moment he's simply being ventilated by a uh ventilator here which keeps him cool uh until he would be attached up to the spacecraft itself [Music] what about the next step well the next step after the german after the mercury suit is the gemini and here we have oh yes this looks familiar this is uh a suit very similar to this in fact identical to this was worn by white in his extra vehicular excursions uh this suit is covered with a material called nomex a very high temperature nylon which will withstand very high temperatures about 700 degrees is that because the sun's shining on him out in space uh yes uh although in under these circumstances this is primarily used uh in case the spacecraft itself got hot on the outside and he touched it oh yeah he wouldn't uh be burnt also the it would protect uh the material underneath remember the temperature outside can be up to about 250 degrees well now um this actually had to support life for him out there yes with nothing but an umbilical cord that's right uh under the under uh white's uh flight or in white's flight he received his oxygen through this port uh through a long umbilical and it was simply uh ventilated through him uh part of the uh flow rate of the oxygen came down over his visor right here and also it might be interesting to note uh that he used very low flow rates because he didn't do that much work uh he worked hard but not much harder than he would normally either inside the spacecraft or for that matter on earth uh the suit itself uh was equipped with glove lights i don't know if this yes we haven't shown here which allowed the man inside the spacecraft uh when he was inside the spacecraft to scan his instruments uh without destroying dock adaptation when he was uh on the dark side of the uh earth well now what kind of a suit will they wear on the way to the moon on a way to the moon inside the cabin they probably won't need a suit at all let me come over here and show you what they will be wearing here's our constant wear garments oh really it's like a set of long underwear well that's just what it is it's a modified set of long underwear uses a carrier for the electronic equipment for amplifying the signals that come out of the biosensors here's one of them is hanging out now this is stuck right against the skin on the inside let's see well you mean this is all i have on inside there that's all i'll have on inside the command module there's no reason for a suit remember the main reason for a suit is to protect a man against uh low pressures very low pressures and at the same time in the event of returning to the earth they would have to have environmental protection protection against the earth's environment hostile environment uh in an emergency but normally under normal conditions we don't expect them to wear a suit a true shirt sleeve environment is what we expect to achieve well then once they do get to the moon though can they wear something like these that's something else again there's a whole series of problems associated with the very hostile environment of the moon for instance we have to protect the man against the thermal loads that he will encounter in working very hard on the moon's surface we have to protect him against micro micrometeoroids which are a constant source of potential danger and also the secondary ejector these are the splashes of rocks that come up when a single meteoroid would hit the ground let's say close to the astronaut we have to protect the man against the uh infrared and the ultraviolet radiations uh which are not at all uh reduced by any the lack of a uh atmosphere around the moon we have to protect the man against the very hot and very cold temperatures associated with the surface of the moon there's there are a whole series of them we have to provide the man with a self-contained life support system this life support system would include uh a whole series of items that we can discuss later which i can demonstrate to you quite easily well now how are you going to solve all these problems well it's interesting here we have uh an indication of our thank you here i have a mannequin dressed in a liquid cooling garment if you'll note the inside of this garment has is covered with small tubules these little tubules are filled with water they are actually filled prior to flight and uh by conduction by causing a flow of water through the main uh branch and then returning it from this secondary branch we have the ability to pick up heat directly from the skin which keeps the man's temperature skin temperature down and therefore stops him from perspiring now why can't you just use a regular uh air conditioning normally you do normally do or simply blowing cold dry air across the skin and this is supposed to pick up all the perspiration associated with his work but on the moon surface we expect the man to work very hard extremely hard almost twice the rate that he works on the uh surface of the earth as a result uh his work rate is so high and his uh production of perspiration so great that we can't possibly pick it all up by the rate and the amount of gas uh available in the portable life support system well now does he uh wear this uh thing over that or no this this is one uh immediately over a very light set of skivvies or a light set of underwear and directly under the pressure garment assembly uh which we have over here oh can we see that ultra i'll get rid of this for you thank you oh this does look quite a bit different from that uh gemini suit that we saw it is this is a one of our earlier models of the apollo suit note the joints particularly this is a demonstration of a constant volume joint concept uh which was submitted to us by one of the contractors who ultimately won the contract for the uh moon suit what do you mean by a constant volume joint well under these uh under this design or in this design the man can move and when he moves he doesn't disturb the column of air so that the internal pressure remains constant oh he isn't trying to squeeze air when he turns exactly if indeed he'd squeeze the air the uh force and work associated with doing that would almost uh prevent him from making any sort of motion there's a great deal of work anyway and we want to keep this to a minimum to make normal motion he's not pressurized at this time again being ventilated simply to keep cool could we see the actual apollo suit yes let's take a look at the uh suit now now it seems to me he's uh walking a little more stiffly than the other well this man is pressurized now he has 3.7 psi that is there's three almost a little uh over three and a half pound differential pressure in his suit it's slightly inflated a little more than the previous suit surely but you can see that there is a considerable pressure associated with this uh mode of operation the gases are ventilated or the incoming gases come in here go up to his helmet and then pass over the front to stop it from fogging and uh a portion of the gases the rest of the gases go down to the extremities to his fingers and to his toes and then come back are collected and come back through here when the astronauts leave the lamb for their exploration of the lunar surface they'll strap on one of the most important parts of the extra vehicular mobility unit the portable life support system or plss to learn about this unusual backpack we visited the hamilton standard division of united aircraft in windsor locks connecticut where the plss is manufactured we talked with mr ronald lang project manager for systems engineering here in our space lab i'd like to show you a full-scale mock-up of our portable life support system or backpack this one used in conjunction with a pressure garment or spacesuit gives a man all the required essentials for life support as a matter of fact it has everything that a spacecraft would have with the exception of a propulsion system we don't have any rockets no we use our legs for the propulsion when a man wants to put this on uh in the vehicle he disconnects the oxygen supply that goes to the suit that's going and coming from the suit he disconnects the water that goes to the liquid cool garment in back and this is an emergency oxygen system that goes into the helmet and then an electrical umbilical and then to put on this backpack he faces it in this fashion turns around with the pressure suit on and then puts connects these oil to the proper connectors on the suit and this just has a harness if it's over his shoulder puts on a harness it weighs about 65 earth pounds that's pretty bad on the moon it's only about 11 12 pounds right because of the reduced gravity now as a life support system it contains all the the basic ingredients for life support a chief among these would be the supply and regulation of high pressure oxygen to the suit this oxygen bottle sitting right here contains one a little bit over one pound of oxygen it's at 850 psi and it's regulated down to suit pressure of about one quarter of what the pressure is in this room is that a little uncomfortable no it wouldn't be because it's pure oxygen and as far as a man is concerned his lungs see the same amount of oxygen as they do on earth now as the oxygen goes to the pressure suit and picks up carbon dioxide it brings it back through these umbilicals to the backpack and a backpack must remove that carbon dioxide otherwise it'd be lethal to the man really what we have to do then is use a chemical absorption bed we have a contaminant removal cartridge that removes odors and carbon dioxide best to show you then a cartridge which is a replace replaceable we use one of these with each mission it contains lithium hydroxide and activated charcoal and it's completely consumed at the end of a mission it's not like an oil filter yes it is and uh it incidentally it gives off heat during this process it adds heat to the system and uh i should add that for that to be effective the fact that it's sitting here by itself doesn't do us any good we have to come up with a technique for getting the co2 laden oxygen from the helmet to the backpack and for this reason we use a fan and the fan is this gadget right over here that oh i see that is a fan and the fan is powered by an electric motor we also use a pump to push the liquid cooling uh the water to the liquid cooling garment and back the pump sits right at this point and it is also powered by an electric motor well that's right uh to send the water over there and bring it back and how do you cool the water once it's inside the backpack the water has picked up about eight degrees when it goes through the liquid garment and the oxygen is coming out of body temperature and it has a lot of moisture in it and this is all cooled in this box right here which is a sublimator now a sublimator is best described by referring back to the to the big snow banks in maine that seem to disappear even though the temperature never goes above 32 degrees the what happens here is that the snow goes directly from the ice phase to the gas phase and it never melts in between so the principle of operation here is exactly the same what we do then is we and let me show you by the way this is a subliminator and a complete and actual sublimator the oxygen from the suit comes in through here and leaves here the water comes in from here and leaves here the water that we are turning into ice to sublime is coming in from here to here from a reservoir and what it does is it becomes an ice layer in the in the layers in here becomes ice and for to enable it to go from ice to gas it must pull heat away from its surroundings it cools this whole assembly down to almost 32 degrees in fact the ice is at 32 degrees and in so doing the oxygen and the water that go through here are cooled down to the levels that we have to have that's very interesting well we have other things that are on there in this backpack that are not life support elements per se a chief among these are communication we have a communication subsystem which sits right on top of the sublimator and is cooled by it this is the antenna and this is the connection here so that he can talk back to the limb when he exactly he could talk back to the lamb or he could talk to the earth via the lamp and radio station that is a complete transmitter and receiver i'd like to show you a component there this is the communication system it's really small isn't it it's very small and very compact and it has in addition to voice it has seven channels of information that are continuously telemetered if the man stole his desires he can shut off the telemetry it monitors the performance and gives us a ekg electrocardiogram now just thinking that all these things seem to run on electricity how do you power all of this well power the electric motors and the communication system with a battery a silver zinc battery which is also a one-shot deal we have as many batteries the battery goes right in here at this point and there are as many batteries as we're going to run missions it's five pounds and it's designed with the launch vibrations in the vehicle from cape kennedy in mind it's a very rugged reliable battery that's enough to run this for four hours enough to run this for four hours yes it is the other thing that i'd like to mention is failure detection for us to be able to run a successful mission we must feel confident that we could bring the man back in the event of a failure and the astronaut will have on here various systems to tell him that he's got problems if he in fact does but two of these will be a low pressure warning device which will trigger an audible warning buzzer if the suit pressure goes below 3.2 psi how would that happen if we had a leak in the system well if for some reason we stopped supplying oxygen the pressure would begin to decay the other thing that we would like to tell them about is if we're using up too much oxygen we have a flow warning buzzer that tells him you're using your oxygen too fast do something well if he does get into one of these serious problems how is he going to get back when he's wandering around he has an emergency mode of operation he immediately cuts in his emergency oxygen system which is built onto here for expressly that purpose the emergency oxygen system is a toroidal 7 500 pound per square inch supply that contains only two tenths of a pound of oxygen and when can when used in conjunction with the main supply can give us emergency ventilation and purging of the helmet area even though the fan fails now that thing will go in this area up against the backpack another emergency system is the communication we have a redundant communication system to see the rest of the suit to be worn on the moon we talked again with mr matthew radnofsky at the manned spacecraft center in houston this um white garment what is that for do you worry about this is thermal meteoroid garments it's made up into uh layers these are the layers of material the first layer is a nomex cloth this whole garment provides protection against radiant energy impinging on the suit from the sun and also it from the moon and also protects them against meteoroids this is a most interesting insulation this insulation only works in a vacuum it's very similar to the material that we have in a uh thermos bottle on earth it's as though the men were completely enclosed in a thermos jug so many layers it consists of some seven or eight layers of uh aluminized mylar with a dacron scrim and then covered with the abrasive resistance nomex material that we've talked about before and also has this felt layer this nylon felt uh which provides the bumper protection against the meteoroids that we also discussed for instance on the lunar surface we have meteoroids micrometeoroids which are constantly hitting the moon even if they don't hit the man or only hit close to the man they travel at immense speeds something like 30 000 feet per second or higher and as they hit the moon they send off showers of rocks which also have high energies associated with them and they themselves traveling at very high speeds could uh injure the man were it not for the protection afforded by this soft layer now how big are these uh they're not large they run uh from five micron in diameter upwards for a little speck of dust yeah they uh you can't see them actually uh and as i said before they run something like 10 times the speed of a bullet so they have a lot of energy even though they are a great deal of energy they they are they are so fast that one could never know it again either let's see these are very unusual uh shoes that he has on top of this regular um note that this portion of the suit protect provides protection against radiant energy the boots provide protection against conductive heat heat loss or gained through the soles of the shoes i mean the surface of the moon could actually be hot to touch the surface of the moon will probably be range between plus 250 degrees and minus 250 degrees and uh the heat loss through the boot soles could be uh tremendous then of course we have our visors and these give protection against both ultraviolet and infrared rays resulting from the lack of an atmosphere around the moon normally on earth we have an atmosphere which filters out to a great degree the harmful radiations are from the sun when they are intense on the moon we have no such cover and we have to provide it if it weren't there then would become blind he'd have retinal burns and so forth uh he must have this kind of protection these uh pull down over he's right down over his visor uh the one is for the infrared and the other one for the ultraviolet they also provide visual uh protection in the visual range the visible range i like the big sunglasses exactly but with all of this material on that i wonder how he can do anything but just sort of stump around a little bit he actually can do quite a bit do you want to uh show him some of the exercises now he's pressurized here three and a half 3.7 pounds do quite a bit that's very interesting well that's fine on uh here on the earth but is it uh the same if you're up on the moon it wouldn't be on the side as the same on the moon no on earth where this test was just run we're at 1g but it really in order to determine how uh how much effort is associated with working on the uh lunar surface we must somehow simulate the lunar gravity the lunar gravity being approximately one-sixth of the the earth now we have three ways of achieving this the first is a 1 6g simulator uh which we've uh had fabricated here it is a series of levers counterbalanced with weights with a man hanging on one end of it uh he's like one portion of a giant mobile and by counter balancing and over weighting one side we can give him the effective uh the effect of 1 6g however there's a great deal of mass and uh inertia associated with this rig it weighs several tons and uh we in order to overcome this we use several ropes and men on the end of them so that it won't take over from the man then there's a third one a second one and this is the uh langley uh simulator where a large pendulum a very long pendulum is attached to the man sideways who attempts to walk as though he were walking alongside of a building he's held by six or eight tethers from various points of articulation on his body uh in this manner we can vary the point or pivot of the uh pendulum so as to simulate again 1 6g ohms but probably the best way of doing it is in the kc-135 aircraft which through parabol flying parabolic ox can simulate between 35 and 40 seconds in duration 1 6g and we've done most of our tests our our most effective tests are done uh at altitude in the kc-135 uh craft now these are supplied to us by the air force but when you put all this together what does a space suit nowadays cost specifically the mercury spacesuit ran between six and seven thousand dollars uh the gemini spacecraft uh space suit uh will run uh ultimately approximately thirty five thousand dollars and the apollo suit when it is complete on a unit basis will run somewhere around hundred and fifty thousand dollars including the portable life support system let me see do you feel that this apollo suit is the ultimate in space use no uh there is a another suit system that's being developed undergoing the same series of tests that have uh been uh imposed on the other suits and this is a hard suit this suit is fabricated of of aluminum and honeycomb so like a suit of armor then it's indeed a suit of armor with the exception of the visor which is a plastic uh the joints are covered with cloth uh just for purposes of protection uh keeping dust and so forth out of them but many of us feel that a suit of this type is the ultimate uh in lunar exploration the extra vehicular mobility unit for project apollo is as we've seen not the final word in spacesuit research is already underway on even more advanced systems but no matter what these systems may look like they will certainly benefit from the experience gained with apollo's emu today we visited the manned spacecraft center in houston texas i'm john fitch mit science reporter [Music] so [Music] [Music] foreign hello everybody i'm skip alzheimer welcome to the av geeks lunchtime streaming show um it is officially fall and it's really nice outside so i actually have windows open in the basement i'm trying to air out this musty place it's i mean this is my favorite season so and it's not just because it's my birthday in this season but it's just everything is just crisp awesome um that last film was suited for space and it's part of the science reporter series that mit did and i have a couple of films from that series uh it is what we call a kinescope what a kinescope is is basically um they would show the air this um on television broadcast it live but they would also have a monitor uh and then have a film camera and the audio would go into the film camera to auracon or something like that and they would shoot off the screen so this is very similar to what the honeymooners the early episodes of the honeymooners um where you can see evidence of like the monitor the cathode ray tube with the early honeymooners it was a situation to where like if it was something bright everything would be dark around it because of the the way that the crt was at that point and so you have this weird kind of black halo around um jackie gleason when he's speaking and freaking out um in this case you could see occasionally a more a pattern like a weird little like kind of like if you take two screens you put them together you'll see this weird kind of pattern um and occasionally little video glitches and what's interesting about this is that they did the program some of it was shot on film so they showed it film via on film via a film chain which was the opposite of kinescope which is basically you have a projector that has a five-bladed shutter that's in sync with the sync of the camera so that you get a very you get little to no flicker uh so they would show the film through the camera that would go into the mixing board and then they would mix back and forth between live and um filmed material back and forth and then that would go to a kinescope so a very elaborate process um maybe more than you really wanted to know but that's what avgeek's all about geeking out with the audio visual materials um this is a film that i haven't really seen uh coming up it's called hand in hand it's by the american junior red cross uh and so i'm sure it's about maybe it's about first aid i don't know maybe it's fundraising here we go [Music] orchestra as there is some hearing somehow a great orchestra is like this great democratic nation of ours both are made up of individuals one produces the miracle of sound the other voices the symphony of a free people living in harmony amid a discordant world each must work with mind and heart and hand and all must work together [Music] they're learning to create something worthwhile to do something with their hands they're learning to play together to think together to work together as [Music] one training that's what does it and training starts in the school each day in the good american way [Music] how you boys and girls safeguard that liberty is your responsibility that's where the american junior red cross comes into the picture if every one of our more than 30 million school children will learn to work and build for the good of all we'll have just about the greatest creative force this country of ours ever has known as a member of the junior red cross you have many opportunities to put your learning to work for your town your country and people everywhere some of you already know how the junior red cross national children's fund works here is cooperation to do something worthwhile take marshall crozier marshall says he'll pledge a dollar to help boys and girls whose homes have been destroyed by war young marshall washed many windows to earn that dollar paul strong says he'll earn two dollars paul knows that in all the countries of our allies other boys need a helping hand so paul's making his money on a paper route that's what the junior red cross teaches work earning responsibility sharing yes when a boy will pledge 75 cents to the national children's fund then go out and wash dogs to earn the money he has the makings of a mighty fine citizen if all the boys and girls in america could visit this old english country home a nursery established by the american junior red cross they'd be more than we paid for their work little ones lives disrupted homes blasted by bombs [Music] the national children's fund also helps unfortunate infants in many other war-stricken countries it provides shoes and warm clothing to protect thousands of brave families of our allies from storm and cold last year red cross junior members packed a hundred thousand holiday gift boxes for children in england in iceland in south and central america volunteer workers and local red cross chapters see to it that each package is properly packed and shipped on time [Music] greetings from the junior red cross of america to the courageous children in war areas comfort and cheer for youngsters deprived of the warmth and affection they once knew in their own homes willing hands making correspondence albums with pictures and letters to send to children here and in other lands these albums describe different sections of our country they're made by boys and girls so that others may know what kind of people we are and the kind of land in which we live [Music] in turn they receive albums from children of other countries i help toward better world understanding [Music] today with wartime shortages and food rationing learning to cook is the most important part of the school course and right in line with the junior red cross program through red cross nutrition courses girls learn how to prepare proper foods and their values red cross home nursing here's a class making paper containers with a sick room learning to prevent the spread of disease is another example of school work and junior red cross work going hand in hand [Music] the worthwhile things sister learns nutrition home nursing doing useful services with one's hands are mighty helpful when sickness comes and so many doctors and nurses are away at war [Music] let's listen to a report from a junior red cross council our high school art class turned out its quarter of posters to aid the war bond campaign and the local junior red cross service fund we also made posters for our sock hop organized to raise funds to carry on our service program [Music] the dance was a huge success everybody had a wonderful time we made enough for our service fund to finance most of our wartime activities [Music] lamps for army and navy recreation rooms outfitted by the red cross are being made by the boys in the woodworking class we put our chapter's name on every article so our soldiers will know we're working for them [Music] the shop classes are also making checkerboards and other games letters from commanding officers and red cross beer directors keep asking for more games for men in the service [Music] we cannot help but feel proud that we are able to contribute some small bit of comfort to those who give so much for us [Music] the boys make ash stands from the wood bought with our service fund dick could promise me an ash stand for dad but dick says dad will have to get along for the duration with what he has [Music] dick's right these are for our armed forces they are entitled to all we can give them and more [Music] some of the fellows make ping pong tables and from what the red cross hospital workers tell us those tables give the boys lots of fun now for the girls the sewing classes are equally made in kit bags which the red crest furnaces to the soldiers going overseas these kit bags have been carried to every war front our bicycle corps delivers them to the local chapter house [Music] volunteers fill them with razor blades playing cards cigarettes and many needed articles we know from letters we've had how grateful how happy our soldiers sailors and marines are to receive these kits whatever we are asked to send is needed after all it does remind them of home this doesn't begin to tell all the things the junior red cross does or can do between the junior and senior members of the american red cross 32 million strong there is real partnership working together hand in hand in war and in peace [Music] in small modest schools and far off corners of the country in schools of great cities in immense halls of learning from coast to coast more than 17 million members of the american junior red cross from kindergarten through high school have united in this great service to others future of our country our destiny depends upon their training and upon their ideals for a world of peace and better understanding [Music] yeah so it was a little bit right um mostly about getting a membership in the junior american red cross and about fundraising um having kids raise money for these programs um so it's it's kind of interesting there was a lot of these community-based movements there was it was the red feather or blue feather that was an organization the community chest which you might remember from monopoly community chess was usually a a local original place that people would donate money to that would support these these programs including helping people that were burned out of their house which is what the red cross would do um boy scouts girl scouts um et cetera um and then that kind of morphed into the united way so um you know this idea of gathering money in your community and raising money for these different uh causes is definitely something that's been around for for a while at least 100 years um so yeah i had not seen that film before but uh it's pretty great pretty great okay this next film is about how to take care of your turtle uh it's a turtle care of a pet [Music] in ponds and rivers small turtles may often be found turtles like this one are called sliders or red ears they make good pets they are gentle animals interesting to watch and easy to care for to keep a red-eared turtle as a pet learn all you can about it the best way to learn to care for any animal is to find out how it takes care of itself let's see how a red eared turtle live in its natural home a red-eared turtle spends most of its time underwater where it looks for food it will eat almost anything it finds in the pond plants small fish tadpoles worms and insects this one is trying to catch a pill bug sometimes two turtles will try to eat the same food [Music] a turtle eats under water but after it eats it usually swims to the surface for fresh air and sunlight all turtles breathe air just as we do a turtle needs sunlight the sun warms its body helping it digest its food if you know how a turtle lives you will be better able to care for one to keep one as a pet a place as much as possible like its natural home should be made for it an aquarium or large bowl will do a turtle needs a high place like this rock so we can leave the water when it wishes indoors a small light about a foot from the turtle will warm it helping to take the place of the sun a turtle will stay healthy if it is properly cared for it needs plenty of clean water as it would have in its natural home it needs food as much as possible like it's natural food live food like this meal worm is best for a turtle if live food is not available a good dried food made of different kinds of insects and green plants will do since a turtle will not over eat it may be given all the food it will take however leftover food will spoil the water in which the turtle lives to keep the water clean change it every few days after its meal a turtle usually crawls out of the water to digest its food and to rest now that our turtle has a good home and has been well fed we can look at it closely notice the turtle's eye each eye has a stripe running through it when it takes a nap it usually pulls itself inside its shell and closes both eyes but one eye closed and one eye open a turtle's ears cannot be seen they are covered by skin however the red patches on the side of its head locate the ears and give it its common name red eared turtle a turtle breathes through two small holes it has no teeth it bites off food with the hard edge of its mouth a turtle shell is part of its body and a turtle can never leave it it grows as the turtle grows the upper and lower parts of the shell are joined on each side the tough hard shell protects the turtle from harm when frightened it can pull itself into its shell the shell should never be painted because paint may injure it preventing it from growing properly and the turtle may die a turtle's feet are flat and paddle like they help it swim the skin on its legs is covered with hard scales the scales protect the legs just as the shell protects the body a turtle has a very small tail if you keep any animal as a pet learn all you can about it the more you know about it the more interesting you will find it and the more you will enjoy it the little red ear or slider is a good pet and it is easy to care for to care for it properly give it plenty of clean water just as it would have in its natural home give it food as much as possible like its natural food give it a place where it can crawl out of the water just as it would have in its natural home a pet should be properly cared for the best way to find out how to properly take care of any animal is to find out how it takes care of itself [Music] that just kind of abruptly ended um over my lifespan i uh performed my lifespan over the years i was helping rehabilitate uh turtles who had been hit by cars and um so we would nurse them back to health then release them in the wild more recently uh we've been we live near two little lakes and there's a road that goes in between and there are turtles that are constantly going across to their peril some of them do not make it but every time we go past we drive slowly and we i have moved many turtles in the direction they want to go across the street including a foot and a half diameter snapping turtle that was uh interesting 10 minutes or so anyways hey i want to say thank you to for buying coffee coffee is a great way to support av geeks because it directly goes from you to making coffee into my bloodstream so it is a way to directly uh get this this going uh sometimes it stalls and caffeine is the one drug that seems to do the trick um so you can buy a coffee also you can just hit like and subscribe and tell people about what we do so because every day we learn something new this next film is called only benji knows and it actually comes with um little notes in here and a program guide which is great so the objectives of this before we watch it i won't normally do this but here's the objectives to portray conflict situations commonly experienced by children to provide a basis for an objective discussion of alternative solutions to encourage children to relate their own experiences to one in the film by role playing or other follow-up activities to help children understand that their own feelings are common to other children and even to many adults to promote development and language facility both spoken and written wow yeah okay and this one actually has um the dialogue right here so all right here's uh only benji knows should he tell i don't know about that though slinky's good though hey guys hi hi hi how are you doing i gotta get some school supplies [Music] [Applause] oh yeah let's go look at the toys is those yes ma'am may i help you i think that's all his cool things okay honey did you get everything you need yeah oh benji go get some tube paint okay so thank you honey benji is there anything wrong no nothing for sure it's been a nice day today hasn't it sure has but i think it's turning cold that was short um so here are some activities that we can do after watching the film to kind of fill out the rest of the school day or the class time let children act out their own interpretations of the story ending by role playing a different story ending by role-playing characters in the film only volunteers should be given parts uh after each performance encourage but don't force the children to discuss their interpretation so don't pick the kids that are supposed to be chocolate team um let them let them step up parents and teachers and friends may have different of opinion about what benji should do under the circumstances ask children to interview people they know until they get three diverse opinions then write a story ending that corresponds with each after the discussion and role playing it should be possible to integrate the different interpretations into a workable code of conduct with regard to tattling in school this may be done by a committee of whole of the whole or by a rules committee elected by the class code of contact regarding tattling um really fascinating i mean and so most educational films that were distributed to schools came with a teacher's guide the vast majority of them have this now by the time i get the films they don't necessarily have them uh and so sometimes i have to guess what the message is and what they're trying to do but it's kind to the point where i can pretty much figure out what is compelling about the film and why it would show it and how they would talk about it but that this is the idea you you wouldn't just show the film and then say all right now put your heads on your desks you would actually engage with the class and use it as a stepping stone to talk about you know something in the class and you would have various activities that the kids would do um et cetera et cetera um now unfortunately most teachers wouldn't do that uh in fact most substitute teachers wouldn't do that at all they would come in and they would pick a film from the library and they would show it and then they would put say okay now it's quiet time and uh you know you hang out until the rest of the period wouldn't have an opportunity to really sit and discuss what you saw so um there you go that's the deal with educational films uh let's see what do we got here what time is it um this one's really interesting so i had i got a big series of civil defense films from uh texas archive the moving image they got rid of all their stuff that wasn't texas related and so uh i had them shipped to me it took a couple of years actually because they sat in somebody's basement for a while uh and so this is a variety of different films uh that i have that talk about public shelter life like the idea that you would be working downtown or shopping downtown uh not at your house and the airaid sirens would go off and you would rush into your closest fallout shelter and you'd be there with a bunch of strangers and you might not be there with your family and so you'd have to be there if there was an atomic attack potentially you'd have to be there for two weeks uh until the um fallout dissipated or you know the half-life of fallout got to the point where it wasn't really dangerous anymore huh two weeks that's interesting um so uh the a lot of these deal with the idea that you're gonna be stuck with a bunch of people you don't know uh in a shelter and you're gonna be fearing for the life of your family who are not there like the kids they might be at school um the wife who knows where she's gonna be she might be at the house we don't know and there's not cell phones uh so and likely telephones would probably be knocked out uh so this is a film it's called information program and public shelter and so this the idea with this is that a shelter i can't remember what the term is but basically the person who's in charge of running the shelter this would be something that they would watch and this uh deals with how information is given out in the shelter because you don't want to you want to be very official and you also don't want to cause panic because panic means that people are going to freak out and leave the shelter compromising shelter so here we go information public program in public shelters [Music] these people are in a public shelter an enemy attack has just occurred the first hours of shelter occupation are characterized by confusion rumors noise small groups gather they discuss their situation their new and strange location this however is not the case with all shelter occupants some withdraw freeze become a member of no group but there is one common value one pervading thought self-preservation self-protection self social values must return before individuals will function as a group luckily the needs to achieve this are few organization leadership recreation training empathy with fellow shelter occupants but these needs are led by the need for information the quality of the shelter's information program will have a great effect on the success of the survival effort your attention please your attention please all right quiet now please come on hold it down let's listen to this this is governor haynes this is an official announcement the nation has sustained a nuclear attack luckily only a few of our cities have been hit and our citizens are now entering into shelters if we stay in our shelters we will survive your local authorities will give you reports as they are received in the meantime remember stay in your shelter positive information is reassuring to get it the radio is desirable providing shelters with radios is the responsibility of the community but although it gives the big picture the radio is an impersonal thing what about our town our neighborhood our home ladies and gentlemen we have your attention for just a moment uh you've heard our governor but we have other information that there's been no heavy damage in our area so some of your family is not in this shelter be reassured fill out these registration forms it'll help us to locate your families that's all evidence of informed leadership helps to establish control of the shelter quickly and to hold it a major source of information for management is the control center the control center provides the manager with operations information not given over the radio some of this operations information may also be used as general information to further inform the shelter occupants at the discretion of the manager because information is so important the shelter's procedure for handling it should be organized in an information program and made a part of the shelter operations plan it should contain instructions to help others conduct the information program even if the manager and his staff don't make it to their shelter the information program requires capable personnel to form an information team its leader could be a news man or public relations expert an educator or the like the number and qualifications of his assistance will vary with the size and layout of the shelter all should be chosen for their understanding of people once he feels safe in a well-managed shelter a shelter occupant's concern for self quickly gives way to concern about his immediate family the information team should be prepared to cope with this demanding need your attention please we're in contact with control center downtown they report that all shelters in fairview have been occupied according to plan all children have gone safely into their school shelters they urge that we stay in our shelter reassuring news about family can help draw distraught individuals out of themselves supplying information helps them start back to a normal condition of social awareness and responsibility they will form spontaneous groups to talk out the situation relieving pressure but these groups lack purpose and organization they must be given more information to help management build a close-knit shelter society for survival as soon as possible post a public announcement schedule list the times that you intend to announce news from both outside and inside the shelter this is similar to regular newscasts it will give shelter occupants regular high points to look forward to urgent announcements of course should be made immediately just as in normal times issuing the news is a critical responsibility of trust the timely release of news and the preparation of the occupants to accept bad news when necessary are the responsibility of the shelter manager and his staff your attention please your attention please as we expected fallout is moving over the city radiation levels have not been determined as yet another information problem concerns the issuance of bad news the public has as much right to know the unpleasant as the cheerful knowing just how to deliver it and how to cope with possible reactions is the essence of a good information program if the manager believes that the effect on morale is serious he must be prepared to offset this with positive instructions and information the manner in which information is given is extremely important calmly rather than excitedly authoritative rather than confused giving both good news and bad keeping shelter occupants informed of outside events asking for ideas confiding serious problems will gradually draw individuals into a group with a growing morale and a willingness to cooperate but as the group spirit develops there will be ever-present forces that tend to divide it again one of these is a familiar information problem false some of them want to sleep in the other half of the room tonight because they say there's less radiation over there well that figures all of them trying to sleep over here last night the rumor then was that only this end of the shelter was safe but rumors are cancelling each other out or we're going to have charlie set up a demonstration to prove that both rumors are just scuttlebutt when they have the correct information we won't have a problem after some time there will be opportunities to use the program and communications facilities to help improve morale there may be time to transmit information that will have a personal meaning to shelter occupants perhaps to confirm the good health of family members who are in other shelters important morale boosting information of this sort should be compiled and transmitted during the slack hours to avoid confusing or delaying important official operations and general messages another information technique that helps increase the group spirit is to share personal news with the whole shelter there will be many opportunities well that about wraps it up for now if there's anyone who has anything that he'd like well looks like we do have another bit of news the webers have an anniversary today their 30th congratulations when the routine of existence has at last been established in the shelter and news becomes repetitious life may become boring shelter occupants will ask what do we do now the information program should include ways to help solve the problem it's comparatively easy to handle in individuals give them responsibilities but for the group as a whole the answer is organized instruction to further inform and orient the shelter occupants the program should include talks on preserving health discussion periods safety instruction special activities for adults and children and other activities that underscore the need for tolerance cooperation and submergence of personal interest for the good of the group if possible personnel needed to direct these activities should be designated pre-attack from the community ranks of trained specialists if more are required they can be selected with the help of the registration forms from among the shelter occupants school teachers recreation and athletic directors professional people and church leaders the total effect of their instruction should be to improve shelter life and to prepare survivors for the post shelter world this indeed will be an important part of the information program preparing for the post shelter world on those who survive will fall a great responsibility re-establishing a normal way of life how well that is achieved will be influenced by the quality of instruction provided in public shelters so in brief the shelter information program informs diverts and orients shelter occupants during the long days of confinement it produces what is vital to shelter functioning and management an informed population and it does something more thank you doctor and now finally to the matter that we've all been thinking about just when can we all leave the shelter it has been several days radiation fallout has decayed but there still is some radiation present so as you know the staff does not believe that anyone should go out but some of you do now again you realize that we don't want to hold anyone in the shelter against his will so before you make your final decision it might be wise to hear how some of the others feel can i say something well yes of course mr mills go ahead well i only got on the information team pretty recently to be honest with all of you maybe i just got on any team pretty recently what i mean is when i got here right after i was kind of shook i guess we all were i didn't know what was happening i felt closed in i know none of us did at first but it really got to me sure helped finding out about the kids though i got a couple myself and the things were being taken care of look what i really want to say is i want to go along with whatever these people the manager and the staff say we can make a big mistake by going out here is the something extra that a good information program gives it helps replace self-concern and disorientation with concern for others interest in the group responsibility more than individuals will survive in the fallout shelter with a good program society will survive too [Music] [Applause] so together we will get through this together we will get through this together we will get through this that's what a lot of civil defense films are about is the fact that we're all in this together and it's together that we will get through this so there's there's the difference between what's being said then what's being said now and so i tend to go with what was being said in the past with together cooperation supporting each other that's what's going to get us through this so there's my soapbox um got one more one more film coming up i haven't seen this one and this is really surprising um there's a series called health um that enticopita britannica came out with in this early 70s like 71 72-73 toothache of a clown is part of that and it's that's a whacked out film about um taking care of your teeth uh also dirt witch cleans up as part of that and that is also a whacked out film about clean so this one's called i care fantasy and i hope that this is equally whacked out so here it is i care fantasy enjoy [Music] [Music] wow [Music] you all have beautiful eyes really very beautiful eyes and they're one of the most important parts of your body without them you couldn't see all the beauty and the wonder of the whole world the sky the trees people cities especially the cities your eyes are most important to you there it's important for you to be able to read signs like these your eyes help you to do many things in fact everything you do you use your eyes to do from the time you get up in the morning to the time you go to bed at night let me show you you shouldn't rub your eyes too much why not because your eyes are very delicate and you can hurt their surfaces by rubbing them see how careful that cameraman is with his lens well that lens is a thousand times dirtier than your eyes are that's just how delicate they are and that's why you have to be so careful with him what's wrong i have something in my eye come with me the safest way to remove a speck from your eye is to rinse it under cool running water now come on put your hand down here and then put your face all the way down to it try to blink it out is it gone yep there are hundreds of different ways people see the world because your eyes are so complex if just one little tiny thing is wrong your whole vision could be thrown off this is called peripheral or side vision it means that you can't see things in the center very clearly this is called central or tunnel vision you can only see things in the center clearly this is what is called nearsightedness it means that you can't see things in the distance very well this is what the world looks like if you're farsighted if everything was dark you wouldn't be able to see anything at all but when there is light you can see the light goes through the lens of your eye and focuses an image on the back of your eye on a place called the retina in some people's eyes the light isn't focused on the right place the light is focused here instead of on the retina they need glasses see why glasses can focus the light on the right place and bring everything back into focus like this there are glasses for each of these kinds of vision glasses are very important would you please spell the second word from the top i can't see it too well is something wrong with your eyes i don't know maybe may i take him to see an eye doctor [Music] doctor this boy can't see too well all right let's take a look at the problem tim is the blackboard easy for you to read or difficult difficult is your reading easy or difficult easy okay so it's only the blackboard that's giving you trouble let's take a look look at the chart now i'm going to look inside your eye keep looking at the chart tim i want you to continue looking through this instrument while we shine the light into your eyes is it getting easier to read for you yes very good now let's block off the right eye and work on the left is the chart getting easier to read again fairly good there for you yeah and this is about the best there yes with both eyes open the chart is easy for you to read yes here's the prescription for his glasses i'll fill it immediately what kind of rims would you like rims let's see these things far away good [Music] when you're young it's often hard to tell if you need glasses or not but if you are getting headaches and can't see too well or don't feel good when you try to see something tell your teacher or your parents you may need glasses i do for reading i couldn't read a thing without them of course the best thing you can do for your eyes after keeping them open all day is to give them at rest at night and close them and go to sleep [Music] [Music] [Music] oh yeah ignore that um so that was not as wacky as the uh as the other films but there's other films that all take place outdoors even uh to think of a clown there's a portion of it that totally takes bikes outdoors with uh kids dressed as giant teeth um have i shown that if i haven't shown that i need to at some point um i feel like i have because it's so good definitely have shown um health which or a dirt we yeah i have shown back in uh march early on i showed too thick of clown and i have shown dirt which as well but uh yeah i want to see if i can find others in that series there's a series called health wise that came out in the late 70s not as good that is good this is uh this is pretty great um thanks so much guys for tuning in today uh if you like what you saw you can hit like or subscribe buy me coffee and go to avgeeks.com and see other things that we've done and also there's an opportunity to buy dvds there i think it's voter registration time everybody needs to get registered to vote and vote it's a big pain in the butt it always is it seems like all our civic duties are always a big pain in the butt whether it's paying taxes whether it's jury duty whether it's voting it's all to contribute to our society it's a pain which is why people don't like doing it so please vote uh especially pay attention to your local elections um and your uh senate and your house of representatives um even you know even their cities because that all that is becoming very very important nowadays is good good leadership uh is really important um i'm not going to tell you who to vote for i am not voting for trump if you haven't guessed i'm not going to do it um and i would love it if none of you did but that's okay if you do you have a strong feeling why i'm not gonna argue with you but it's not gonna happen i was a bernie guy by the way because uh bernie sanders used to run a film strip company and uh i mean come on he used to run a filmstrip company so there's other reasons i voted i vote for him but whatever anyways enough about politics thank you so much uh for tuning in today very much appreciate your comments and seeing your senior faces quote unquote every day uh take care of yourself uh please rewind and love each other and we will see you again tomorrow one o'clock everybody take care bye [Music] you