AV Geeks Lunch 7-8-2022

[Music] There are many steps between an idea and a finished Designing and drafting are demanding. Mistakes are costly. Each task can be both complicated and timeconuming. Engineers and designers faced with finding ways to make the process faster, more accurate, efficient, and economical turn to the computer. [Music] [Music] Interactive graphic systems were first applied to the electronic design and drafting areas. The use of these computer aided techniques has simplified the design process for numerous printed wiring boards. The success of this design and drafting system prompted investigations into further uses of the computer. And now many aspects of design, drafting and manufacturing are aided by the computer. One Sandy application of computerass assisted design is with printed wiring boards which demand tight tolerances and complex circuitry. First, the engineer analyzes the components he plans to incorporate in the new printed wiring board. If the board is complex, he may make a rough sketch or schematic. The engineer and designer review the components and determine the exact printed wiring board size. The designer then takes this parts list to the graphic system and begins to lay out the various circuits. Most of the components he will use are already stored in the computer's memory. Special components can be added quickly. Specific areas of the circuit board can be enlarged to allow him easy assessment of problem areas. The designer can then modify issue. One second. That's not working. All right, here we are. Welcome everybody. I'm Skip Alzheimer. Welcome to the AV Geeks Lunchtime streaming show. um where technology we we straddle like almost 100 years of technology like film is uh 60 mm film is 100 years old next year and computer technology uh is you know current modern day. Uh joining me is my nephew Nate. Hello. Uh and um I he's up here working with me. We're doing some database work. Uh because you are in what program? I'm in computer science. Computer science. I was in computer science uh before I shifted over to school of design where I used computers like design computers back in the day. Um and what is your interest in computer science in computers? Um, well, I wouldn't say that I fully know. I'm in cyber security. Like, that's my concentration, but I don't know if I really want to do that, right? So, I'm just figuring it out. Well, cyber security will get you a job, right? Yeah. I mean, in the tech industry, you'll get any job. Oh, really? There's a big demand. There's a big demand. Okay. All right. Sweet. So, one of the reasons I'm interested in computers is I was interested in computers as a kid when I was Nate's well, younger than Nate. Uh, and that's when we were getting all the little home computers. And, um, so I was I went into computer science and when I started collecting films, I realized the reason that I was collecting the films uh was because schools were getting rid of the films because they had to make room for computer labs. So uh 16 mm film in the school world it's what we call a teaching machine. Like the idea is you you thread it up and whatever the subject is you project it and the kids will learn it. You know we know that's an in imprecise thing but eventually as computers were getting more and more uh available and were getting cheaper uh those were considered teaching machines. So when you were in school, did you have computers that would like where you do a lab where you would do stuff? You might even have been past that. Like were you watching DVDs or videos online? Um I'm pretty sure I did have a computer lab class in elementary school. It's like really big. Right. Right. Um and so um essentially the uh teaching machines changed. So they changed from just a computer that had was running a program on math or geography. Uh, Oregon Hill is a perfect example of a a successful computer game that kind of taught you about the the struggles of, uh, being a pioneer, uh, in the early America time. And so, um, and now you said there's even like a board game of it now. Yeah. That's hilarious. So, it definitely had, uh, it resonated with people. Um, but then what happened was then there were CDROMs like multimedia CDROMs where you could play a video and you could show a map and you can do whatever. Then uh that changed and then DVDs became popular. Then streaming video became popular and so now that's what we're dealing with is a lot of people are streaming teachers are streaming on uh these approved streaming devices. Uh, and so, um, because you know that you can't just go on YouTube. That's that's the wild west. You'll get you'll die of dysentery that way. Um, so I've got lined up some films about using computers. And one of them, uh, I'm just going to tell you, is a Disney film, and we're going to show it, and we're just going to see what's going to happen. uh uh we might get taken down, but what I'll do is I'll put up a a link. But first off, we're going to get started with uh color, chemistry, and computers. Enjoy. [Music] The past and present shape tomorrow. Our vital concern is you, today's youth. For our future depends on you. Before attempting to figure out where we're all going, it is imperative for us to have a strong awareness of where we have been. To untangle today's problems, we need to understand yesterday. This film series hopefully will in part make you aware of people, places, and events which have helped shape our nation and our world. Manufacturers Handover is pleased to sponsor this educational film. Manufacturers Handover. It's banking the way you want it to be. [Music] [Music] We see colors all around us produced by nature, by combinations of light and by chemistry as pigments, dyes and in other forms. In the past century, scientific technology has filled the world with brilliant man-made colors. Most recently, computer calculations can now predict color effects and other properties of a substance before it's even synthesized. That is, before it even exists in the real world. This program explores these achievements in color chemistry. [Music] Color has always been a preoccupation of both artists and scientists. In particular, the goal of perfecting coloring materials is almost as old as art itself and much older than modern science. [Music] The first dyes were taken from natural sources, elderberries for instance, [Music] or coconal, a red dye made from ground up tropical insects. [Music] Until the 1850s, dying was a static craft based largely on knowledge handed down over many generations. [Music] Only then did organic chemistry begin to reveal the structure of dye molecules, groupings of atoms which produce coloring effects. The first results were synthetic dyes invented to replace the natural ones. indigo, yellow, brown, and others. A century ago, this color wheel showed one company's range of synthetic dyes then available for dying silk. In order to create better colorants, scientists sought the precise relationship between the molecular structures of dyes and the colors they produced. They also wanted precise ways to quantify or measure colors. Centuries before, Sir Isaac Newton showed that a prism split white light into its spectrum of component colors. A major step in the scientific study of light and color. A defraction grating produces the same effect. Bands of colors which correspond to their wavelengths of light like the yellow wavelength produced by a sodium street lamp. Such devices led to the spectr photometer which by determining the amount of light at different wavelengths transmitted by dyes and pigments gave precise color measurements. A purple or technically violet dye for example absorbs mostly green light. This trace shows the amounts of light absorbed. The curve and its maximum define the dye's color. The color we see is its transmitted complement red and blue making violet. This dye absorbs mostly red leaving the complimentary color blue green or cyan. [Music] This dye absorbs mostly blue leaving red and green which combine to make yellow. D molecules were diagrammed and thought of as linked atoms. In general, the larger the die molecule, the bluer the color, although it wasn't known why. Also, adding small functional groups to a known die molecule could alter coloring. But again, it wasn't known why. [Music] Nevertheless, on this basis, the orderly development of dye chemistry followed. Chemicals could at last be manipulated to produce colors with some consistency, and the colors produced could be measured accurately. Such modern dyes are usually manufactured and sold as powders or liquids to be used as needed, or they can be dyed or printed or transferred onto textile materials. [Music] But many mysteries remained. How could the coloring effects of possible dye molecules be predicted? And how could the time and expense of developing new dyes be reduced? The answers called for a deeper understanding of color chemistry. [Music] Recall our first example. When the full color spectrum from a diffraction grating intersects a violet dye, most green and some blue is absorbed. But through what mechanism does this occur? [Music] Consider a dye solution in water and imagine you can see the individual molecules. The violet d molecules and water molecules would all be moving around at random. Let's look at one d molecule. Atoms bound together with electrons at various energy levels surrounding them. White light passing through the water solvent alone is unchanged. But if white light intersects the dye molecule, it emerges as violet light. Quantum chemistry, which states that such subatomic events involve only fixed units of energy, explains why. This theory states that light takes the form of energetic particles called photons. White light consisting of bundles of red, green, and blue photons which cause color sensations in the eye. When white light intersects this particular dye molecule, it's as if the green photons are somehow absorbed. only red and blue ones emerge causing the eye to see the color purple. This absorption is due to the fixed limited energy levels of the die molecules shells of electrons. Consider this animation of the electron on the highest energy level. Quantum theory predicts that when the light photon interacts with this electron, the green photon's energy transfers the electron to a new higher energy level. Red and blue photon energies don't allow interactions. They emerge. And we see a combination of red and blue light, violet light. [Music] If this molecule stored the energy transferred to the electron, it would eventually heat up and break up. However, the energy is actually lost to the solvent. The molecule can then absorb more photons. [Music] If the energy is released directly, fluoresence occurs. The quantum theory explained many color chemistry mysteries. It also provided a way to compute the colorant and other properties of molecules even before they're synthesized. That is before they even exist. [Music] In computational quantum chemistry, the molecule is first simplified. Only molecular bonds affecting the orbiting electrons are considered. [Music] [Music] The remaining atoms are numbered. The computer is then given a mathematical description of the molecule, number of atoms, number of electrons, and much more. The molecular bonds and the molecules geometry are all precisely described. [Music] With these givens, the computer can be used to solve a very complex equation, the Schroinger equation, which completely describes the molecule's properties. At first, it can only approximate the probabilities of electrons being at various energy levels. From these values, it estimates how the electrons interact, which gives a better description of the energy level. out to be 2.3742 electron volts which produces a light wavelength of 522 mm resulting in a violet color. Eventually the dye was synthesized and proved close to the predicted color. The computer supplementing the laboratory experiments. Besides dying, computational color prediction has been applied to improving analysis of unknown substances, analytic chemistry, developing pressure sensitive papers and films, and finding new types of medical diagnosis. [Music] Such predictions have also been used to refine physical systems capable of color changes such as liquid crystals used in such modern displays as digital watches and electronic highway and airport signs. Application of computers to color chemistry is one more advance in the scientific understanding of color processes. the elusive subject that has been called painting with light. [Music] Manufacturers Handover has been pleased to sponsor this educational film. Manufacturers Handover. It's banking the way you want it to be. Right. So that was a little more chemistry related than computer related, but you get a sense at the end uh about technology and stuff like that. Um so this next film uh I've been wanting to show this for a while and um it's a Disney film and uh I bet you that Disney doesn't know that they own it. It's one of those things. It's a really interesting odd uh film that um it's called Ethics in the Computer Age. And it was part of what they called the Epcot Educational Series. And so this is when they were uh trying to um actually while I'm doing this I'm gonna try to get you the the link uh uh to if if we get knocked off like where where to go. Um I'm going to put it in the comments. Um, but anyways, uh, this was I think they were trying to use the Epcot brand, which had Epcot had just opened. Oops. Oops. Let me get that on. All sorts of technology issues. Um, trying to get Epcot brand out there is like, well, we're vision of the future and and so this is Disney trying to reconcile what they're doing and what they're investing in. Um but anyhow uh this is fascinating because it deals with two issues with computers and this is back during Apple 2. The Apple 2 computer which was a pretty successful um home computer thing. This is before Macintosh. This is before iPads, iPhones, all that stuff. But this was like a really popular thing. It was popular for games. Uh but also so it deals with two issues piracy and with hacking and so both of these are at the time were kind of like well these are issues for this narrow little group but now piracy is rampant and hacking is rampant. Um and so they were visionary. Um so this is ethics in the computer age. Uh, enjoy. And if we get knocked off, then go to the black hole monoplex uh link that I I put in the chat. All right, enjoy. [Music] Okay, let's go every little ladder. It looks like it's in slow motion. Let's knock down another delay loop. So, you want the drill bit to move faster or I don't know. Maybe we should add some more landmines. 9 months of working on this computer game and you want more landmines. Give me the listing on the attack. [Music] This is it. Final assembly. Okay, get ready. [Music] Hey, you entered the window. Watch out. Whoa, this is tough. You think you're turning right, but you're really turning left. I thought it was down. I wanted to go up. Uh-oh. Look out for the Uzi. Where'd he come from? Come on. Move. Look, I am. Which way? No. Ah, no. Let's lose the siren. No. Keep it going. It's wonderful. I think we've got a winner. I hate losing. [Music] I hate losing. Even if we did invent the game, you know, this is not just good, it's great. Oil's well, your fortune is only minutes away. Very clever. Then you're interested in our game, Mr. Hendris. I'm more than interested, Erin. I'd like to license it. Fantastic. I'll have our play testers look at it as soon as possible. Now, I want you to understand that all our computer games have excellent copy protection. In addition, we'll be signing a mutual non-disclosure agreement. What's that? It's a promise to each other that we won't disclose the contents of oils well to anyone at any time. Agreed. That would be stupid. Absolutely. to success. [Music] You know, $500 upfront doesn't exactly make us rich. Well, they do have their manufacturing and distributing costs. Look at it this way. Oil's War has terrific sales potential. The game sells. You think we'll be able to pay for our college education? This is outrageous. Like, I got to hand it to you. 9 months locked in the garage may have been well worth it. Yeah. Well, uh, sacrifices have to be made. Look out. Come and get me. Ooze monster. This is the best game I've played in years. I got to hand it to you guys. I can't believe my own two friends invented it. I mean, you even turned down a date with Marilyn Powers for this. What dedication? You were thinking of dating Marilyn Powers? Got to get back. That was close. Well, here he comes again. I got to get a copy of this game. Sure. When the game comes out, we'll give you one. What? No way. I'm already addicted. Look, it's impossible. You just have to wait. Now, we just signed an agreement. This is going away. Make me suffer. I'll tell you what I'm going to do. I'll make a deal with you. One copy of Runaround for one copy of Oils. Well, Runaround. How'd you get a copy of that? Trade Secret. I read about that game. It's not doing the market until December. And you can beat the Christmas rush. It's top-of-the-line computer programming. We could learn from it. Why not? Besides, it's only one copy. Heat. [Music] Heat. [Music] Heat. Heat. N. [Music] [Music] [Music] Hey, [Music] hey, hey. [Music] Heat. Heat. [Music] [Music] I don't like it. Something's wrong. Hendrick said sales might be slow at first, but oil's well has been on the shelves for over two months. Maybe it's not as good as we thought. Oh, listen to this. Hot new games mirror image runaround and oils. Well, only $7. What? Wait a minute. Let's see. What the [Music] [Music] kids called a couple hours ago? That's us here. Got it right over there. The latest and the greatest. Oils. Well, only seven bucks. Yeah, the pile that was pretty tough. Must have had a hard time cracking it, huh? Didn't have to. I mean, I can't if it's the only way. But this one just fell right in place through the underground. Just like that. Piece of cake. Hey, you going to pay your pass? We kind of like to see it first. No problem. Why didn't you say so? That's our game. All right. You mean was our game? You're not the programmers. Oh, I see. Think you're real smart, huh? Hey, Carl, come talk to these kids with me. I think it's lesson time. No, no, wait a minute. Look, when we said it was our game, we meant it was our game. You know, the one we like to play. Yeah, that that's what we meant. Mistake, kids. I don't appreciate being taken advantage of. pirate. A pirate? We don't have his name, but we have his phone number and his address. We thought you should know. Thanks very much. He's hardly the only one. But what do you mean? The game's not selling. Not even a tenth of what we projected. We're getting a lot of returns from our distributors. Well, what's going to happen now? Not much, I'm afraid. I have to devote my time from now on to a couple of newer games. How many copies did you pass out to your friends? We didn't I mean, we only You know, the non-disclosure agreement that we signed wasn't just to protect me. It was to protect you, too. [Music] Look at what I've got. Hot off the presses. Wait until you guys try this new game. I always like my friends to get first dibs on the games. Maybe that's why I've got so many friends. [Music] Something wrong here? I get most of my games through my modem. It's a lot cheaper than paying $40 when it comes out. The software companies, they're just trying to rip you off. Many people have seen the movie War Games. In that movie, the young man was telling his girlfriend that he couldn't go to jail unless he was over the age of 18. That's not true. People who do things in the privacy of their own home they wouldn't dream of doing elsewhere. And likewise with a computer hobbyist or let's say a hacker is turned outlaw, the typical profile of that kind of person is a person who has trouble relating to mainstream society. More or less a social coward. somebody whose only means outlet for communication is via this inanimate object, a keyboard. The first thing you learn is how to make long-distance calls for free. And next thing you know, you're dialing all over the United States and uh it's a real feeling of power. Most people wouldn't think about stealing things that are of a material nature like hardware and parts. But when it's comes to software and it's an intellectual property and they're accessing it from far away where they're not in contact with people who own it, then then they seem to think nothing of it. And that's a double standard that probably shouldn't exist. It's been estimated that anywhere from 2 to 15 billion dollars a year are being lost to software piracy and computer crime in general in the United States today. All the kids that, you know, do this piracy, they don't realize that programmers and game designers put a lot of effort into it. And it hurt me the first time that I saw my game being pirated. Yeah. Ever since uh we saw the movie War Games, me and my friends have tried to break into almost any system we could. It's uh like I don't know, it's like a high or something. A little Alex, thanks. You're a lifesaver. What' it do? Clean out the library? For a paper in Meor's class. It's due tomorrow morning, first period. An extensive biography of Oliver Wendell Holmes. He would give an assignment like that tonight. We play Roosevelt. He didn't. I've just been putting it off. You're not going to miss the best game of the year. I'm sorry, Alex. The grudge match of the century. I really don't have a choice. I'll probably be up half the night as it is. Not if I have anything to do with it. What's that supposed to mean? Well, we can finish your paper before the game. Oh, yeah. You perform miracles now. Better. I have a personal computer now. Look, computers are really fast. We'll access the electronic encyclopedia and Zappo, one extensive biography on old what's his name before the kickoff. We only have 5 hours. Trust me. Well, let's get going then. We don't want to miss the game. Hey, wait up. It's just a little messy. I hope you realize that only a very select few have ever witnessed what you are about to see. Whatever you say. Ready? Ready, maestro. Let's begin. [Music] [Music] What's that? It's the access code. Wait, don't move. [Music] It's going backwards. Yeah, I know. It's a dark room clock, but presto, it's a 5-hour clock. When it hits zero, it'll be game time. A whole new world is at my fingertips. Yeah. Password. Macropedia. I've heard these services can be kind of expensive. I'd be happy to pay for the computer time. Hey, what's to pay? Well, they charge, don't they? Not if you're smart enough to get around it. What do you mean? Well, we have this network, sort of an underground. We call it the pirates of per chance. We trade information, access codes, telephone numbers, passwords. No one in the cycle service will ever know. That doesn't sound exactly legal. Look, it's a game of cleverness. We're not stealing. We don't alter records or anything like that. We just access. Maybe leave a gremlin or two for fun. But but it's but it's just a game. Gremlin. Yeah. Later. You'll see. Holmes. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. born 1841, died 1935, sometimes known as the great denter. Look at all this information. He earned his nickname because of his controversial dissenting opinions. Oh, you don't have to take notes. I can print it out for you. It's a lot faster. 2 hours. Alex, looks like we're going to make it. Yeah. Whoa, look at this. I've logged into a medical datab bank. How'd you get into that? I got the access code for my underground. Been working on the password for about a week, but I didn't know it would be a hospital. That's private information. Come on, Cindy. I'm not going to hurt anybody. It's there. It's in the system. It's not like I'm breaking into an office and taking files. Look, it's just accounting stuff. Operating costs. How many disposable syringes were used last month? Boring. This guy's an accountant. Could use a thrill. Ivy, feed me solution. Chocolate. Alex, I don't want to be a part of this. It's a game, that's all. I haven't changed anything. It just comes up at random. It'll be a laugh for the guys in accounting. It's no big deal. But isn't that the same datab bank as other medical information? Beats me. I doubt it though. I think Justice Holmes would be descending by now. The computer was uh very helpful, Alex. Thanks. Really, I think these books will get me through the night. Bye. Sandy, wait. What's wrong? Hey, what about the game? [Music] Dr. What do we got? An arrest. We're losing it. Start the confession. Heat. Heat. Blood pressure 80 over 50. All right. Give him bikeard 50 and a bololis of lighter 100 on the way. Keep calling. Get him an ambi and set up for me. We've got a medical bracelet here. He's asmatic. I'll check the computer. Hurry. His blood pressure is going south. I can't get a reading. Casey, we need that information now. Something's wrong here. The computer's malfunctioning. Holding up on the lidocaine. The battle's ready. Not now. Could somebody give me a hand? We're losing him. He's fixed and dilated. Dib, what's the problem, Casey? Paddles. Glad to take the risk. Stand clear. [Music] Clear. Dr. Davis, please. Dr. Davis, telephone, please. Dr. Davis, telephone, please. Dr. Davis, telephone, please. [Music] All [Laughter] right. What do you think of that? Hey, we've got a special friend here. Um, look, I have the same monitor as that hacker guy, except it's branded Amex. So, there you go. Yeah, so happy I found that. That was a wild journey. Yeah, I um I used to use that when I had an Omega up and running um back in the day. Um so we have obviously fixed computer security at hospitals right? M uh so um you know I think the deal with with them is um many uh uh people that are running the IT departments are hoping for the fact that they are obscure or the access to certain sensitive things are obscure that they will not be found and that doesn't work. Yeah. Yeah. And uh now it's less about funny um you know feed me a cookie and more about pay us all this bitcoin. Yeah. Uh otherwise you know you won't have access to any of your files. And um so that is an active issue right now. Um and so Nate, you're the generation that's going to fix this, right? Yeah. I mean I'll try right after you're done with my database work. you're going to get jump on and uh and uh fix that. Awesome. All right. So, I have a film on the on the uh the scanner behind me. Hopefully, I won't have the tension issue that I had with that smaller film. We we took that film and put it on another scanner which doesn't have that issue. Uh so, this is ethics. No, this is uh computer uh tools for people. And this is made in 1983. And I feel like it's made on a uh the title screen is made on a Commodore 64. I'm hoping that it is. Uh so enjoy. Oh, neat. Is that neat or do you like that or what? Pretty tricky. Oh, I like that color. You like that? Okay. Okay. Watch this then. Hey, me. [Music] All right. Ready? Nice colors. If you like that, wait till you see the next part. Wow, that's pretty. Mom, let's get that. Can I try that? Hey, did you really do this? Yeah. Computers are very much part of our lives these days. And yet for many of us there is still a certain mystery about the computer. How can a mere machine generate designs, ask us questions, control instruments that lives depend on. The many uses of computers may amaze us and seem almost superhuman. Yet these machines were created by people. And before they can be used for anything, they must be prepared by people. People such as this doctor, this manager, this scientist, these students, these people will show us four basic ways to use computers. Dr. Derek Samson uses the computer to save lives. His program finds one name out of 4,000 filed in a computer. Patients who are waiting for kidney transplants. Hello, Christina. Have you? This college student for example, Christina Rivera, she must come every other day to have her blood cleaned and all we have to do is for 3 hours it is pumped through an artificial kidney which removes poisonous wastes. Kidney transplant. Then I want to know the percentages of survival if I do have one. Without this machine, Christina would die. And so what she needs is a real human kidney, but she must wait until a kidney is found that matches her body. A human body usually rejects tissue from another body. So when a new kidney arrives, a high-speed search begins. The kidney is packed in ice. It will last only 60 hours. Immediately blood and tissue samples are taken and sent to the tissue typing lab. The technologist prepares a row of numbers showing the kidney's blood and tissue types. Partial match A23, B13, B27. Prior to the advent of the computer, we would spend many hours on the phone uh reading out tissue types looking for suitable recipients. The result of that was many kidneys were wasted because we couldn't find a suitable recipient. About a year ago, the doctors began working with computer specialists. So, I'm going to need you to help me determine exactly what you want this program to do. What I'm going to do here is write a rough close chart of what we're going to need. Now, what would be your first priority? Well, the first decision point is to look for a perfect match. And the question is, do all four antigens in the donor match all four? Computer planning begins by identifying the exact results you want. To get the results, the computer must go step by step. Some steps are decisions which can only have two possible answers. The computer cannot generalize and will only operate based on a yes or no answer essentially on a question or a problem. Now the next decision is it a three antigen match and if the answer is yes, print that patient out. Okay. Right. And if the answer is no, next question is the patient a two antigen match. Reject the plan showing all the steps is called a flowchart. It'll meet here and then we'll go to the from this. The application designer will write the actual program. Write up your program. Today Dr. Samson can call from San Francisco and hook up with a computer 3,000 m away in Virginia. We will enter the tissue typing data into the computer and look around the whole of the United States and Canada for a suitable match. [Applause] He enters the blood and tissue numbers for the new kidney. Search will take 45 seconds. While the computer searches for the best patient, we can look at another kind of file search which finds a product and its price. Each of these 20,000 market products has a code number which is also shown as a pattern of lines. [Music] The line pattern is converted to an electrical pattern which is sent to the computer's storage disc where all the product codes are filed [Music] from 20,000 items. The system finds the correct name and price in a fraction of a second. Okay, quick display from a computer file is also vital to these traffic announcers at the 57 junction. Two lanes are blocked. Stay right for your best time pass. The announcer reads from a list showing the reports in order of importance. Sherry, I've got a sigert. A SIG alert is an urgent report that traffic is blocked at Broadway in Maine due to an injury accident and brush fire. 91 eastbound two left hand lanes from the 605. After the producer keys in the report, she must rate its importance. She selects bulletin and the computer automatically puts the SIG alert at the head of the list. We have a sick alert situation following a bad accident. The computer is invaluable. Whenever time is short and files are long, it would be virtually impossible to do this kind of matching without the help of a computer. Okay. And we'll slide it down. You're doing fine. Just stay as you are. Jerry Curtis uses the computer in a very different way to control other machines. A new car rolls off this assembly line every 60 seconds. One key to fast production is welding by robot arms under computer control. The movements must be fast and exactly on the mark. And so every detail of the arm movements is carefully programmed while the line is stopped. This is the teach control used to program the robot. I'll now move it to cycle start. Once I've determined the position for a spot, when I press the program button, it goes into the computer's memory. This light indicates that. There's the first spot. I'll put these spots in while playing forward to this spot. Enter. Enter. Enter. I'll replay backwards to make sure I got the spots and I'll run it in automatic. [Applause] When I'm all done, I can check the the functions on the CRT. Make sure I have the proper program in. [Music] [Applause] Actually, Curtis has prepared two different programs. One is for cars with full roofs. The other for cars with open roofs. The computer must switch on the right program or the robot will smash the frame. Here is a flowchart that demonstrates how this is done. When he planned the work, Curtis put in a test to signal the computer which program to run. The test begins with an electric eye suspended above the car roofs. This device is automatically turned on when a full roof passes below. You can see the red on signal. From the electric eye, the signal goes to a computer which controls the entire line. This computer will switch on the right program to control the robot. In a similar fashion, a computer controls each neon tube in this light sculpture. Artist Michael Hayden worked with an engineer to program a micro computer to generate 12,000 different light patterns. The calculating power of the computer is used to make models by Dr. James Blind. He programmed a model to help design the robot arm of a space vehicle. A model of an arm begins with one line. This line is described mathematically in terms of numbers. One of the numbers controls the length of the line. By turning this knob, we can change that number to make the line shorter or longer. Another number controls the orientation of it. We change this knob changes the angle that the line is rotated. Turning sideways, it's 90°. And going directly upwards, it's 180°. Dr. Blind's program allows him to add more lines, each controlled by numbers, and to see how the lines work together. You can pick it up and move it down to the bottom here, so that when we change this angle, it looks sort of like an elbow joint moving. And if we go back and change the angle for both of them, this angle here rotates both of them. So that's sort of like the arm moving at the shoulder joint. So computer models use numbers to describe things. These are numbers from a different model which was set up to save the Elsagundo blue butterfly. Its last remaining home is this small field between an oil refinery and a parking lot. To survive, the butterfly needs a supply of its only food, the buckwheat flower, and it must escape from parasites. Dr. Richard Arnold is trying to keep the Elsagundo blue and other endangered species alive. He must decide every year whether to plant more buckwheat. If the flowers are too few, the butterflies will starve. But if the flowers are too many, the butterflies will suddenly increase, kill off the plants, and attract swarms of parasites. To help decide, they keep a careful count of the numbers of butterflies and the numbers of flowers. But the field is so small and the butterflies so few that one wrong decision could be fatal. So Dr. Arnold found a way to try out decisions safely by making a mathematical model. From his field observations, he estimated how planting buckwheat would affect the butterflies and parasites from year to year. He put his estimates into a series of equations which make up his model. Then he programmed the computer to do the actual calculations using a programming language called basic. A programming language is a code containing control words such as print and input. Suppose Dr. Arnold wants to experiment with planting some new buckwheat. In seconds, the computer calculates a generation or a year of growth. [Music] It will then repeat the calculations for a second generation and a third on and on. Want to try again? Okay. Models similar to Dr. Arnold's help students understand life systems such as fish finding food in a lake. Do you want to um eat it or chase it? Um let's eat it. Okay. Fish. Since computer models are based on actual counts of real fish or real butterflies and counts are sometimes wrong, computer results are sometimes wrong. As computer people say, garbage in, garbage out. Curious. I'll have to check my field data on them. And sometimes computer models are not intended to be real. Dr. Blind added more lines, studied how the body moves, and programmed his model to dance. [Music] Yet no real dancer could float quite like this, which is just the effect the programmer wanted. [Music] The output of computer models always depends on the input of human beings. Julie Chambers and Karen Wilsey use the computer as a creative tool. For several years, Julie and Karen have been programming in a language called Logo. [Music] Okay, this is called a turtle. And what it does is it draws. So with the command words in logo control the movements of a small triangle called a turtle. Push return. Okay. And you see it makes a um line cuz it went up 100 spaces. So you can we asked Julie and Karen to make the titles for this film. At about the same time, their workshop got a new piece of hardware and we'll have to install it now. It's called a sprite board. And to use it, we'll put it in the computer first and then after having done that, instead of having one turtle, you'll have 30 turtles. This circuit board would be the key to the titles. Like this. And then we're ready to go. New hardware allows you to do new things with the sprites in the computer. Now we have like 30 turtles when before we only had one. And each of these sprites can have a different shape. Is there a limited amount of shapes? Not really because there can be as many as you can. But you have to define you can tell to use the new board of they needed to learn new command words. Now if we wanted to tell it to move, we have to tell it how fast to move. So, we can use set speed. All right. We can also change its heading in a certain direction. So, to do that, you can just type in set heading [Music] and I'll check back with you in a little bit. Okay. Okay. Oh, that looks neat. Maybe we could use that in the titles. Okay. Make it like a whole bunch of them. Yeah. Okay. Like different colors. Yeah. Or different like um because you like the background green. Uh-huh. And then have them move a certain direction, I guess. Like have them go diagonally or up and down. Yeah. Okay. See, after shaping some letters, Julie found a way to make them move. Okay. I was fooling around with some letters and um I decided to use a program to make the letters move around. I told Sprite Zero to set a heading at 45. Mhm. And then I was looking at some speeds and I decided the speed to be 15. Then I ended it. Can I see it? Okay. That is really neat. Then they divided up the letters of the title words and continued programming. Here we go. Finally, they were ready to try one of the titles. Oh, debugging time. Well, here we go. Let's act like detective. To fix or debug a program, you list it, then look for mistakes. Computers make creative work in offices much easier. A manager preparing a report can try out different arrangements until she finds a layout that best shows her ideas. She can easily change the wording without erasing. The computer handles the details, allowing her to do the thinking. In a similar fashion, computers allow artists such as David M to design freely without mixing paints or cleaning brushes. It is the easy and quick response of the computer which makes it an exciting creative tool. Perfect. So people use computers to support creative work, to make calculations as in models, to control other machines, and to store and quickly find information in files, a vast variety of applications. And yet all computer uses develop in much the same way. few minutes just they start with a strong need that people feel. They often require long study and preparation. So we need some large projects are developed by teams of users and computer people working together. I'll just make a little note to myself. The project is outlined in a flowchart which details every step including yes or no tests where it can switch paths. The computer is directed by a program, a series of instructions moving one step at a time. The program is written in a language made up of code words which control circuits inside the machine. Every program may have errors. And finally, wrong input gives wrong output. Garbage in, garbage out. Now we can begin to connect the parts played by electronics and by people. The electronics allow the computer to store thousands of items and to do millions of operations per second. But the real work begins when the machine power of the computer is linked to the creativity of a human being. [Music] [Music] All right. So, do they still have flowcharts? Uh, well, as I was saying, they're actually called data flow diagrams. No, data flow diagrams. Just a fancy name for it. All right. Um, and I was totally wrong. That was not a Commodore 64. That was some I don't know what that computer was, but they had to put an extra hardware board in to control sprites. Um, and uh I know the Commodore 64 had some graphics card graphics chips in it that would allow you to create a number of sprites. Uh, and there was some clever programming to get it to where they could move and and do things like that. So, um, thanks everybody for tuning in today. Uh, we ran a little long, but hey, you know, sometimes that happens. Uh, if you like what you saw, uh, and you like seeing Nate, uh, hit the thumbs up or the, um, the like button. Uh, what is it that other people, cuz you watch a lot of YouTube, what do they say to do? Oh, they they say smash the like button. Smash the like button. Smash it. Maybe that's not what I'm doing is like you got to smash the like button because that's what everybody else is talking about. um with your thumb or your finger or with your mouse click. Um you can go to buy us coffee. Uh we both drink coffee. Um you can go to kofi.com/avgeeks. Uh you can also go to abeks.com and buy DVDs. Uh that's one way you can support us. But like I said, you you know, hitting the thumbs up and smashing the like button. Those are great ways to say thank you. Um everybody have a great rest of your weekend. Um, take care. We'll see you on Monday. Bye.