AV Geeks Lunch 7-28-2022

so so so so so do so hello hi i'm skip alzheimer um this is the avgeek's lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16 millimeter films and that was a beautiful kodachrome print of what is a contract by coronet films and we are looking for the soundtrack for that because we want to know what was going on i would say that contract law should be taught to everybody in high school um and basically saying like uh you know it's part of especially since i was on a college track i took like more advanced math and and all that and i didn't take consumer math which i should have taken i should have been required to take because you know what i have to balance my checkbook too and all that so i think that that should be you know there should be a life skills test uh life or life skills class where everybody learns how to shop how to cook food how to unclog a toilet um how to negotiate a contract uh how to look through advertising that's another thing uh anyways that's my soapbox so there you go uh anyways um happy that you guys could join us today and watch some old 16 millimeter film this next film is fire what makes it burn is it school books what is fire what makes things burn in this film we're going to study fire what it is and what it does we know some things about fire already fire gives us heat it cooks our food and sometimes provides us with light fire does a great many things that are useful to man but fire can also be dangerous because fire can be dangerous we'll study it in a laboratory where we can experiment safely what do we need to make a fire let's try to find out here we have a candle some paper and some wood we light the candle with a match the paper burns easily a stick of wood burns too but not so easily as a sheet of paper so one thing we need to make a fire is something that will burn a fuel what else do we need what did we use when we lift the candle a match a match provides heat so a second thing we need to make something burn is heat this is coal a piece of coal will burn in the fireplace will it burn if we hold a match to it no one match won't light a piece of coal this size two won't either nor will three the flame of this gas burner is much hotter soon the coal begins to glow so it's not just heat we need to make things burn we need enough heat when enough heat is applied to a fuel combustion takes place the temperature needed to make something burn is called its kindling temperature when a fuel reaches its kindling temperature it begins to burn when a fire is started most fuels will continue to burn this paper continues to burn when the match is taken away why is that combustion the process of burning produces heat the heat from the small fire we started with a match warms the rest of the fuel to kindling temperature so it begins to burn a sheet of paper catches fire quickly it has a low kindling temperature dry wood also has a fairly low kindling temperature green leaves and twigs have a higher kindling temperature that means they need more heat to burn with this glass rod we can show that some chemicals have a very low kindling temperature the heat from a warm glass rod is enough to start them burning some materials found in the home have very low kindling temperatures cleaning fluids and paint thinners can catch fire easily so they should be handled with great care sometimes rags soaked with these materials can give off enough heat to reach their kindling temperature and begin burning all by themselves when something catches fire without something else lighting it it is called spontaneous combustion almost anything will burn at some temperature even iron will burn when it is ground into a fine powder and exposed to a flame so will brick but what is needed to keep things burning when we put a jar over the candle we don't touch either the fuel or the heat still the flame goes out can you guess why the fire needs air that's partly right fire does need something from the air to burn but what we'll experiment again from the air in this bottle one important part has been removed watch what happens when we pour it over the flame now in another bottle we have that one part that was removed from the air a gas called oxygen when we put a bottle of oxygen over the candle the flame burns more brightly as long as there is oxygen in the bottle so fire needs only that one part of the air we call oxygen in order to burn we've learned that a fire needs three things to burn fuel enough heat and oxygen but what is fire is it a solid no we can move a wire through the flame of the candle then is it a gas maybe the wire moves as easily through the flame as it does through air which is a gas do you notice that the flame isn't the same all over at the top it is yellow at the bottom it is blue are the parts of a flame different in other ways look at the tip of this needle where the yellow and blue parts meet you can see it glow but does it glow now no the needle does not glow at the bottom part of the flame that is because some parts of the flame are hotter than other parts an experiment with a glass tube can help us learn why some parts of the flame are hotter we put one end of the tube in the lower part of the flame and hold a match at the other end look carefully and you will see a small flame where does its fuel come from from the candle of course but how unburned gases from the lower part of the flame are carried up the tube where they burn so a flame is made up of both burned and unburned gases the flame is hotter where most of the burning takes place but where do the gases come from the gas comes from the melting candle wax the heat of the flame raises the temperature of the wax until most of it is turned into a gas and it is the gas you remember that is burning we know more about fire now fire occurs when fuel heat and oxygen are combined will what we know help us put out a fire let's take away the fuel when we separate the flame from the wax there is nothing left to burn and the fire goes out so one way to put out a fire is to remove the fuel can you think of another way to put a candle out let's take away the oxygen when the oxygen in this bottle is used up the fire goes out so another way to put out a fire is to keep away the oxygen and now let's pour water on it why did the fire go out fire is produced when fuel heat and oxygen are combined if we take away one of the three things fire needs to burn the fire will go out water helps put out a fire in two ways water is cooler than fire it cools the burning material below its kindling temperature below the point at which it will burn and it keeps away the oxygen water will extinguish most fires but water won't always work oil and gasoline will float on water and continue to burn foam from the fire extinguisher covers the flame until it shuts out enough oxygen to smother it in the same way when clothes catch fire rolling up in a blanket keeps oxygen away from the fire putting it out even rolling on the floor can smother the flame but running is dangerous it supplies more oxygen to the fire yes fire can be dangerous if you see a fire and an adult is not nearby call the fire department stay calm and speak clearly give them the address and tell them what is burning you can't be too careful with fire even a small fire can be dangerous here there is a lot of fuel and the flames are spreading creating more and more heat the wind provides plenty of oxygen so the fire grows quickly look around you will see fire used everywhere to keep you warm to cook your food even to weld metals and turn machines but a fire any fire can be dangerous so it is important to understand fire and to obey safety rules in the home and out of doors [Music] great so i'm looking um i know this is this is tedious to see oh come on it was just there i just put it there where is it uh let's see if i can get this i was looking for an example of nitrate on fire let me see if i can do this um so nitrate film is um doing a lot of clicking here uh is a problem uh because it's made out of the base of nitrate is a nitrous uh cellulose uh which is um highly flammable um let me see if i can do this sorry i keep saying that um doing stuff over here so you can see it where is it's not showing up there it is all right like this so you can see it this is totally ad hoc um so anyways this is uh from the national archives and this is an example of a nitrate fire that controlled nitrate fire um where they were doing tests and they're basically trying to figure out like how to um deal with this you know having a whole warehouse filled with a bunch of um this highly flammable material and then how do you put out that fire um so they're trying different things there's no sound with this but and there were some pretty serious nitrate fires even at i think loc had one in the 70s um and one of the things that i i showed a film about um washington dc yesterday and showed it showed a little bit of the film archive at the library of congress now the thing is that that was stuff that wasn't nitrate the nitrate was actually stored at wright-patterson air force base uh in fairborn ohio uh not too far from where i grew up in ohio so here's catching fire and it's a kind of a crazy chain reaction um and it is something that once it's on fire it burns so hot you can't put it in water because then it's so hot that it actually converts the water into hydrogen and oxygen which also burns oh that somebody noticed that sound that was actually um my assistant keyshawn rewinding an audio tape so we do have a little bit of nitrate here at av geeks and um it's a tiny amount um and we're basically we look for when it starts to break down so it goes through different levels of decomposition uh one of them when it turns into kind of a powder uh and then that's when we say like all right we got to get rid of this so and we have certainly transferred other archives nitrate but it is um something you have to have a permit to actually uh transport so basically whoever sends it to us has to have a permit to allow us to ship back to them and there's all this stuff paperwork that's on it about hazardous material so it doesn't blow up blow up all your mail all right so there you go that's uh something about fire and about film collecting um and nitrate uh so behind me i have a scanner that with some acetate film and when acetate breaks down it makes stinky acetic acid which is vinegar so that's that's what happens on our end uh it's just stinkiness and just look uh so anyways uh what do we got set up on the scanner um it is uh science lab safety speaking of which oh let me stop this all right enjoy oh i have to set up the tension hey [Music] this science laboratory provides an excellent opportunity for learning and at the same time demands a high degree of responsibility a responsibility which must include the rigid laws of science laboratory safety [Music] as a young adult safety is not for you a new concept for it has from the beginning been an integral part of your life when you came into this world people were practicing safety on your behalf had someone not been looking out for your safety you might not be here today [Music] the demands of safety sometimes restricted your freedom but to your parents dismay they often found that their restrictive measures were somewhat inadequate [Music] some safety factors of course prevent accidents that are only messy others prevent accidents that can be fatal [Music] when you were children your parents were constantly concerned for your safety but by the time you enter a science lab safety must be a very personal matter as students you are in many ways already safety conscious for example a person who participates in active sports practices safety in a variety of ways safety is a subject hard to get away from you deal with it in every area of life [Music] [Applause] of course there are still people around who have not developed the maturity to recognize the importance of safety or the discipline to practice it some people like this student in the red hawaiian shirt lack the kind of responsibility and discipline necessary for safe conduct for themselves and others they can often be identified as accidents looking for a place to happen a student is not ready for responsible experimentation until he has developed a respect for the laws of safety which surround him a science lab is no place for children rather it calls for strict adherence to the laws of safety on the part of people mature enough to act with responsibility and discipline a modern science lab however contains items which can be dangerous only if they are improperly used since improper use of the lab equipment may be dangerous the student finds that his introduction to responsible scientific experimentation begins with safety instructions the instructor will first show his students the proper equipment which is corrosive materials the student must also wear suitable protective gloves [Music] unless care is exercised at the storage areas accidents can happen before the experiment starts the instructor and his conscientious students will help other students learn in the very beginning the correct approach to storage areas [Music] instructors will limit the number of students in their lab to the structure of the experimental area a careful instructor knows that crowded conditions must be avoided if an experiment is to be safe he will stress that the aisles be kept clear so that a student can pass quickly in case of an emergency in this lab i have a good group of careful and conscientious students many of them have learned well as i have tried to teach them the principles of lab safety this is supposed to be simple if i just follow instructions [Music] the teacher said to cut the glass tube by making a notch with a file and then using a towel and holding the cut edge away from the body snapped the tube at the notch how about that of course i'll have to cut larger size to the nichrome while loop or cutting wheel i'll bet there would be a lot of cut fingers around here if we didn't fire polish the ends of these tubes and you would be surprised how quickly you learned that just because the glass looks cool does not mean it's cool enough to pick up but i guess the only way some people learn is the hard way i've taught these students how to handle chip or broken glassware and soft glass that has become crystallized most of them know the best way to pick up splinters of glass is with a moist piece of cotton [Music] one thing we have learned is that safe lab procedures include returning equipment we are not using to the storage shelves too much glassware on a working surface is just an accident waiting for a time to happen and bending a glass tube i must form a smooth rather than a sharp angle so all the glassware in my experiment will form an open rather than a closed system it sure took a while for me to realize how important it is to set up glassware properly for an [Music] experiment now before inserting glass tubes into rubber or cork stoppers i carefully check the tubing size i've also learned that applying a lubricant to the tubing and using a towel can aid insertion and protect me if the tube breaks [Music] since a gas flame is essential in a lab a student must learn to use it correctly [Music] take care that the flame does not get under a shelf or a cabinet or is not positioned too near the edge of a surface for obvious reasons never reach over the flame adjust your flame for maximum efficiency and never leave it on when it's not in use read the label right our instructor has said this over and over again these labels tell me which reagents are potentially dangerous and they tell me which ones to use in my experiment i read this label before i took the bottle from the shell and now i must read it before i open the bottle [Music] and i must read it again before i use the reagent since some labels are paper i always pour away from the label so that the reagent won't drip and blot it out it's not hard to see how i could set myself up for an accident if i ignored this simple safety practice of reading every label three times as an added precaution many of the reagents i use are color-coded now that they have prepared the glassware and selected their reagents they are ready to experiment [Music] i hope they were all listening when i stress the importance of lab safety [Music] this one learned how to heat a test tube he knows he must not hold it still in the flame and this one knows to use a wire asbestos gauze under any glassware that is to be heated my students have learned that water should never be poured into acid the acid is added to the water it is done slowly with stirring during the process [Music] but what about this one wait a minute hey just because you saw a late movie showing a mad scientist putting his mouth on the end of a pipette doesn't mean that you should do it don't you remember what i said [Music] to be safe you must use a rubber bulb or other mechanical device for pipetting any liquid poor safety procedures may be why that scientist became mad in the first place now what did my instructor say about these leftover reagents my lab partner just isn't always with it doesn't she know that leftover reagents should never be put back in the supply bottle pour it out [Music] and you don't put that back in the supply bottle either wash it away with plenty of water so it won't damage the plumbing [Music] often during the course of his experiment the student will want the instructor at his side the instructor is a part of lab safety and when in doubt the student should always consult him he will discuss the experiment and its safety factors and will wear the same safety equipment that the student is required to wear [Music] the student finds early in his experimentation that others are also concerned about the safety of the lab [Music] the fire marshal and the principal of the school will make sure that the lab is properly equipped with the necessary safety items [Music] an eye fountain can mean the difference between sight and blindness a shower can make the difference between a serious acid burn and a minor irritation a fire blanket can be the difference between life and death and no lab is safe without a fire extinguisher and fire bucket [Music] a fume hood is required for experiments involving toxic gases what happens if a fire alarm is sounded while the lab is in session [Applause] each student is responsible for turning off all gas and water before he leaves the room exploding equipment could make the real thing out of what was meant to be a practice drill after the fire drill the students return and upon completion of their experiment they carefully clean their lab stations soap and towels are provided so the student can wash the equipment correctly and thereby protect himself and the next student the cleanup is vital and no experiment can be concluded until this task is complete remember in the beginning of our lives we had other people providing for our safety [Music] two [Music] but as young adults we must learn to provide for our own safety [Music] accidents are preventable they happen because somebody created the conditions which make them possible you can learn correct safety techniques by observing your instructor who for his own sake as well as for his students will practice safety procedures and exhibit attitudes that his students should follow but the techniques of laboratory safety are ultimately learned by experience this means practicing safety from the first day in the lab thus in the final analysis you are the only person who can provide a safe pleasant and productive environment in which to carry out your scientific experimentation [Music] wow yeah um so i mentioned before all the transgressions that uh took place in the chemistry classes that i took at high school at north stanley high school in stanley county north carolina all this irresponsible behavior i'm amazed that nobody was blinded or permanently disfigured by what we did um and what happened as a class i didn't individually do it but um yes there was a lot of bad behavior all right uh one last film uh today and uh this one's great uh all i gotta say is uh robot arms eggs and bricks enjoy um [Music] two machines one still shiny and new the other is two centuries old and draws portraits this one's earned its place in history but this and all other robots are carving out their place today machines like this doll were very popular near the end of the 18th century especially as amusements for the very rich but their impact went far beyond their own age for the knowledge of gears springs chains and clockwork motors which made such toys possible was also the driving force behind the industrial revolution the factories and foundries that sprang up during this period reduced the cost of goods created wealth and a good living for many people but there was a darker side too the drastic shift in the economy plunged many people into poverty others labored day in day out under ghastly working conditions it's important for us to remember this doll and its contribution to the industrial revolution for today we are experiencing improvements in technology and manufacturing techniques that may outstrip even the industrial revolution we have many questions about this new technology but the important questions for us don't concern whether we'll use it for most surely we will what we want to know is how it will affect our working lives and society at the very least it will be necessary for us to redefine our place in the culture as we confront machines they call intelligent artificial intelligence isn't it all like human intelligence it's really the outcome of a special kind of computer program like the one controlling this robot by definition a program designed with artificial intelligence makes decisions that would otherwise have to be made by human intelligence it's true that many people try to make comparisons between artificial and human intelligence artificial intelligence has as much in common with its human counterpart as an artificial hand has to the real thing the artificial hand is very important to someone who needs one but it can only be a shadow of the bone and muscle limb it replaces [Music] no artificial device has the qualities of movement sensitivity and versatility of a human hand something similar can be said about artificial intelligence intelligent computers can perform many useful tasks but they do not have nor will they ever have anything comparable to human intelligence artificially intelligent machines are only acting intelligent the [Music] a little differently while meeting a different need for example the need to diagnose disease quickly and effectively has prompted many university medical centers to develop intelligent programs that simulate the work of doctors and laboratory technicians it's common for a cancer patient for example to wait months or more for the results of laboratory tests to find out whether treatment has knocked out the disease an intelligent program now nearing completion of the university of chicago can make a diagnosis for certain kinds of cancer in a couple of hours the program called ticus uses a television camera to isolate cells suspected of being cancerous [Music] it then compares these suspect cells with an encyclopedia of cancerous and normal cells stored in the computer's memory tikka's diagnosis results from a process that is a little like someone searching at an impossible speed through a bank of file folders trying to match the suspect cell with every example in every file the program looks for its match among such things as the cell's shape [Applause] and the size and shape of its nucleus if the program can't match the suspect cell with any cancerous examples from its encyclopedia of cells then the patient gets a clean report [Music] intelligent computer programs are very important in medicine and research but the greatest need for these machines is in business and industry this computer is used by an architectural firm to help in the design of buildings the program accepts all the proposed specifications which make up the design for the building including plumbing heating wiring and so on from these specifications the program creates a simulation of the building complete with all the necessary systems and subsystems it can then look for conflicts such as a water and electrical line both occupying the same space and notify the operator [Music] this kind of application called computer-aided design is making great contributions to many industries but when most people think of intelligent machines what they have in mind are industrial robots [Music] there are many people who don't understand the differences between an industrial robot and a traditional automated production line like this bottling plant [Music] the plant can only fill cap label and box bottles of soda pop to do its job it must perform hundreds of repetitive tasks robots too perform repetitive tasks but robots differ because they can be changed reprogrammed at any time to do a completely different task then reprogrammed again as often as necessary the bottling plant on the other hand is forever limited to filling capping labeling and boxing bottles of soda pop also some robots have sensing abilities that can help if something goes wrong the same can't be said of the automated line [Music] when a robot is programmed it means that a specific series of motions is stored in sequence in the computer's memory this engineer is programming a robot to perform a complex series of movements involving four bricks and three eggs programming is usually very time consuming and amounts to nothing more than marking points in space each point is assigned a number and is stored by the computer the robot arm is then instructed to move from point to point [Music] after all the points have been defined it's then time to put them all together and see what happens [Music] so [Music] one mistake is always one too many it's certainly no secret why robots have been so successful so quickly adopted in industries here and abroad robots work 24 hours a day in the presence of poisonous chemicals temperature extremes and deafening noise robots aren't perfect but they seldom get sick and never go on strike there is no doubt that robots bring tremendous advantages to the workplace but it is possible that during the decade ending in 1990 three and one-half million men and women may lose their jobs to robot workers and millions more in the years beyond many people fear that these jobs will be lost forever and result in an economic disaster that would empty factories and warehouses all over the world leaving millions not only without work but also without hope of course other people have different opinions about robots some believe that our lives will be improved and enriched with the adoption of intelligent machines in fact many feel that robots will create more jobs than they replace and at the same time open up vast new markets for consumer products by reducing the cost and improving the quality of all manufactured goods some supporters even suggest that robots and other intelligent machines will take those jobs no human should have to do they conclude that people will never again work under dangerous or tedious conditions those who disagree point out that any job is better than no job at all we really don't know how many jobs will be affected by the introduction of robots it's an issue so loaded with emotion that it's hard to trust anyone's statistics we do know that the jobs most in danger of being eliminated involve well-defined repetitive tasks especially factory work but most people are surprised to discover the wide range of professional and semi-professional fields where intelligent machines will soon be taking over some responsibilities one thing we know for sure when machines take jobs that were once filled by hard-working men and women these people feel unproductive unimportant and hurt but there are ways to make these changes as easy on people as possible for example since the late 1960s many newspaper publishers have had to install machines that operate more efficiently and with far fewer workers at many newspapers labor and management have gotten together to negotiate terms for the introduction of new technology a typical outcome is for some workers especially those with the most seniority to enter retraining programs and take new jobs under such a negotiated settlement people with the most to lose especially mature workers are protected [Music] it is certainly true that fear of these machines runs very deep in our society robots have even been sabotaged by disgruntled employees and there is a persistent myth that robots and other intelligent computers may one day take control of the planet we know that comics and other books plus television science fiction and horror movies have all contributed to this belief but attitudes like these will soon pass away replaced instead by newer ones because no matter what we choose to do for a living nearly every one of us will eventually have to work with an intelligent machine it is extremely important to learn what these machines are and what they can do the first and most important lesson is that computers are tools and tools have been important to human society for as long as there have been societies of humans a glimpse at our past always reminds us that all tools regardless of when they were made or what they were designed to do have a lot in common all tools work to shape and mold human culture but on a day-to-day basis tools are simply extensions of our natural abilities for example they give us a more delicate touch more strength more reach these new tools these intelligent machines are no different in this regard for they represent once again an extension of the human mind so [Music] i can check that gear in a minute so don't touch anything okay [Music] hey get down from there now [Music] hey turn it over [Music] what if it bumped that control by accident you'd be mincemeat by now what have i told you you don't work on equipment when the engine's running well i told them not to touch anything all right i guess i wasn't thinking you weren't thinking you mean you'll work on engines and machinery and not think of your own personal safety here shake hands with danger shake hands with danger meet a man you ought to know i used to laugh at safety now they call me three finger joe [Music] i was young and feisty never did things by the book just let me get my tool box and i'll take myself [Music] although i learned a lesson i forgot [Music] you fed my skin into the wheel shake hands with danger step right up and say hello grinding wheels and metal are what made me [Music] i've seen mechanics burning and i've seen them take a fall just to save themselves a minute i've seen them lose it all i've watched them caught in trouble seen them take a chance and lose they get careless for a moment and spend a lifetime with the blues [Music] [Applause] me [Music] [Music] [Music] overall move around inside [Music] shake hands with danger and some friends i used to know compared to them i'm lucky to be just three finger joe [Music] [Laughter] um there was so much safety stuff i was showing today i felt i had to show that that's in honor of the seven-year-old boy in uh russia who was playing uh robot chess and basically did not give the robot enough time to respond and the robot broke his finger um so there's that thanks everybody for tuning in today uh very much appreciate it um appreciate your comments and seeing some new faces uh if you like what you saw you can hit the thumbs up button you can smash the like button uh subscribe tell other people uh you can also go to ko-fi.com av geeks and buy us some delicious coffee uh and also you can check out uh avgeeks.com uh we have a 24 hour seven day a week channel where we show old lunch episodes and old and other things that we've posted over the last 10 years or so that's a great way to watch but i hope everybody has a great rest of your day and we will see you tomorrow everybody take care bye you