First Aid, Dressing and Bandages

a [Music] these people need immediate aid what would you [Music] do these are commercial type dressings found in most first aid kits the adhesive compress is the simplest type dressing and can be applied easily to any part of the body this dressing the bandage compress is used on larger wounds these small gauze squares can serve two purpose surfes to cleanse a wound and to cover small wounds prior to bandaging the larger dressing is used for massive hemorrhages to hold a dressing in place three common types of bandages are used here is the triangular bandage used to cover large surfaces a crat is formed by folding the triangular bandage and is used when pressure is needed or to hold a dressing in place perhaps the most familiar of all bandages is the roller bandage which can be used as a dressing and bandage combined the various body planes require different turns of bandaging these planes are ooid such as the head fingers toes tapering forearm thigh angular elbow shoulders knee and flat the wrist torso or neck here is how to Anchor a bandage place the bandage so that the first wrap is made on the bias then fold the point back over the wrap and lock it in place a second wrap is then made to secure the bandage to tie off split the end of the bandage and tear it far enough back so that the ends can encircle the wrist in opposite directions tie a regular half knot pass the ends in opposite directions and tie the knot this completes the circular turn and can can be used on any flat surface of the body to bandage a short tapering surface a closed spiral turn should be used each turn must overlap the preceding one by 1/3 to 1/2 its own width if the tapered surface is longer you'll have to use an open spiral turn in order to keep the bandage flat against the surface gaps must appear as shown here this bandage will hold a dressing temporarily on bandaging an angular part of the body such as an elbow start with the anchor either above or below the part to be covered after the anchor is made pass the bandage over the dressing to hold into place now make a circular turn below the elbow forming the other anchor complete a series of figure eights over the dressing although this method is used primarily for angular surfaces it can easily be adapted to cover any body part finally to bandage an ovoid part the recurrent turn is used start at the base of the finger and make a complete lap over the tip of the finger and back repeat this three or four times completely covering the tip of the finger the recurrent turn is held in place by a circular turn sometimes regular dressings and bandages are unavailable or in short supply in an emergency strips of old sheets make good roller bandages but they must be clean here are some of the possible ways to sterilize in an emergency ironing washing exposing to an open flame in the event many dressings are needed heat them in a hot oven 450° for 10 to 12 minutes petticoats and slips make good bandaging material as do women's stockings these are just a few of the many possibilities for improvising remember the most important thing in all bandaging it must be neither too tight nor too loose this is natural breathing Interruption is commonly caused in any of these four ways exclusion of air from the lungs such as [Music] drowning paralysis of the respiratory Center this can be caused by [Music] electrocution displacement of oxygen in the bloodstream an example of this would be carbon monoxide poisoning this must not be confused with the fourth type which is caused by a low concentration of oxygen in the air such as an abandoned well or any airtight enclosure breathing has stopped death may follow what would you [Music] do the first AER should understand the basic principles of breathing four structures of the body are involved the windpipe the lungs the diaphragm and the rib cage here is what happens when we breathe the lungs are expanded and contracted forcing air in and out through the windpipe the lungs do not motivate themselves but are expanded by the action of the rib cage the rib cage expands in all directions and the diaphragm moves downward this action takes place for inhaling only exhaling results from relaxation of the rib cage and the diaphragm allowing the lungs to deflate artificial respiration may be accomplished in the following manner the operator kneels on one or both knees at the victim's head placing the hands on the victim's back and with the heels of the hands resting on an imaginary line between the armpits this is the compression phase and it decreases the size of the chest cage thus forcing the air out this is the expansion phase the action releases the body weight from the surface and enlarges the chest cage continue alternate compression and expansion of the chest pausing slightly on the expansion phase to revive infants and small children up to 4 years old the mouth-to-mouth technique of artificial respiration is recommended the first step is to make sure the air passage is open using the middle finger of one hand clear the child's mouth of any foreign matter hold the tongue forward with the same finger now place the child in a face down head down position and Pat him firmly on the back with the free hand this will help dislodge anything blocking the windpipe to keep the air passage open the jaw must be placed in a jutting out position to do this place the middle fingers of both hands at the base of the jaw near the earlobe and lift the lower jaw from underneath and behind hold the jaw in this position with only one hand the air passage should now be open place your mouth over the child's mouth and nose and breathe into the child with a smooth steady action until you observe a slight rise in the chest at the same time place the free hand on the child's abdomen between the navl and the ribs and apply continuous pressure to prevent the stomach from becoming filled with air when the lungs have been inflated remove your lips from the child's mouth and nose and allow the lungs to empty repeat this cycle keeping one hand beneath the jaw and the other pressing the stomach at all times repeat the cycle about 20 times a minute mouth to mouth technique can be used effectively on Persons of all ages in applying artificial respiration the most important factor is to start treatment immediately [Music] shock what would you do [Music] the first and most important factor in all cases of shock is to keep the victim in a lying down position until the injuries are known then if there are no head or chest injuries Elevate the lower extremities so that the blood can flow to the heart and the head the next step is to keep the victim from becoming chilled do not overheat if anything it is better he be slightly cool rather than toasting warm keep in mind that it is equally important to get covering underneath as well as over the patient fluids even just plain water may be administered in small sips if available add a teaspoon of salt and a teaspoonful of baking soda to a quart of water if he is conscious allow the victim to take as much as he will tolerate of this in small sips shock may be difficult to recognize yet nearly always a accan injury here are some of the symptoms the patient complains of weakness and dizziness his face appears Ashen or pale breathing is shallow and Rapid start treatment for shock immediately without waiting for symptoms to develop remember every injured person is a possible shock victim get the person off his feet and prevent him from becoming chilled shock is easier to prevent than to cure [Music] Burns one of the most painful of all injuries what would you [Music] do the type or degree of burn can be identified in the following manner the skin is rened in a first degree burn in a second degree burn blisters develop in third degree burns there is deeper destruction the underlying cells that form new skin have been destroyed these burn pads are packaged in this sterile wrapping and come in various sizes apply the pad over the burn and hold it snugly with the bandage the exclusion of air from a burn by the application of a thick dressing relieves pain and the sterile dressing prevents contamination in the event you have to improvise clean soft material makes one of the most effective burn dressings sterilized by ironing towels can be used for added thickness and the hole secured with strips of cloth in severe burn cases keep the the victim lying down and treat for shock a burn familiar to all of us is sunburn for mild sunburn salad or olive oil may help in the relief of pain limited exposure and the use of an effective sunburn lotion are the best preventives however if blisters should appear with a sunburn do not break them apply sterile dressing with all burns the main objectives are to relieve pain prevent contamination and treat for shock look [Music]