AV Geeks Lunch 7-10-2022

foreign foreign hi everybody I'm skip Alzheimer welcome to the AV Geeks lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16 millimeter films and uh comment on them and not don't pay that close of attention to the calendar today is actually the 11th and not the 10th as um I might have put in the YouTube uh thing and on Twitch but it's okay it's all it'll all work out because we're looking at the past we're not looking at now today it's kind of the point we're kind of burying our heads in the sands of time so um seems like the past was easier maybe not so much but here's an example where the spelling is easy enjoy [Music] first I put a little soda in then I put some vinegar in [Music] then I put the cork on tightly that completography now watch the bottle closely see how it fizzing and bubbling you aren't hurt are you Helen Michaela well I think the school paper would print a report of our experiment would like to write it Thomas Stafford do you think you can do it oh yes Miss Phillips tomorrow morning is the deadline so you better stay after school a while to write your report what's the matter Tom having trouble writing the report no don't look for me Tom you can't see me but I can see you a lot of us can see you you seem to be worried what's the matter I don't know how to spell procedure and that school paper won't accept anything if there's even one word misspelled let's see what you've done so far on Tuesday the fifth grade had an experiment with blowing the cork off the top of a bottle Agnes Jackson prepared it Agnes went to the cabinet and got some soda and vinegar she put some soda in the bottle and then she put in a little vinegar watch where I'm stuck that's the word I can't spell I'm afraid that's not the only word you can't spell take a look at that paper look at prepare cabinet vinegar more vinegar I'm afraid you'd never see that report in the newspaper and there's no need for it Tom spelling is easy easy for you maybe easy for you for anybody here look over at the Blackboard there's nothing on it oh no say that's a pretty good trip not half so good a trick as using the rules to improve your spelling what are they look and see we'll take them one at a time first hear the word hear it correctly pronounced well that often tells you how to spell it now what's your first misspelled word try saying it more careful prepare prepare prepare say it's prepare not prepared now look at the second misspelled word cabinet cabinet well it looks right when you're pronouncing a word to learn how to spell it it helps to divide it into syllables or pronounceable parts cabinet cabinet cabinet oh I see it's cabinet when you're not sure how to pronounce the word get someone else to pronounce it for you your teacher cabinet your parent s cabinet one of the older children cabinet all right now the next word vinegar vinegar and that's the way Miss Phillips says it's vinegar yes but we can't always tell by pronunciation that's why we need more than one rule here's the second rule see the word look at it closely make a picture of it in your mind ah no Tom not there look where you'll see the word spelled correctly well where would you expect to see vinegar spelled correctly foreign all right ready for the third rule three repeat the word repeat it clearly vinegar vinegar vinegar I've gotta remember it's really AR when it sounds like er to help you remember there's a fourth rule write the word try it over there on the Blackboard no Tom take the bottle with you you'll see why in a minute now for the final rule five check the word compare your copy with the original that's to make sure you've copied it correctly and to plant the correct spelling in your mind I think I've got it good and let's put the vinegar away and get back to your paper all right vinegar now the other one vinegar if I say it much more I'll begin to taste it maybe we should be writing about ice cream yeah chocolate um chocolate anyway that brings us down to procedure all right let's work it out with our five rules first hear the word procedure you're wrong Tom now think where have you heard the word pronounced correctly I know Miss Phillip she was standing right there right then let's bring her back a minute that completes our proceed juror oh I get it procedure now where can you take the Second Step look at the word gosh I don't know well there's one place you can be sure to find the correct spelling of any word the dictionary oh sure here it is here's procedure repeat it to yourself procedure procedure Rule Number Four write the word finally check it against the original look all right it's perfect now I've got your procedure no that's that's well now and we better get back and finish the report yeah that's right I've nearly finished anyway Wait a Minute Tom what's the matter the word blue it's what we call a homonym oh what we'd better get that dictionary over here and look it up h-o-m-o-n-y-m any two or more words of but different in meaning and often in spelling we've got some chats about them let's look at them good idea this chart doesn't help us let's look at another oh sure what I wrote is the color I should have written b l e w quite a difference and now don't tell me I know first you liked the word and then you check it good you'll be all right now but I do have one final suggestion for you what's that ever notice Dick Harris and Agnes Jackson doing their spelling lesson what about him let's imagine for a minute they're back at their desks I'll show you whenever they run up against words that give trouble Agnes copies the word into a personal dictionary she made it herself dick does the same thing with a personal dictionary like this you can always be sure of a handy place to look at a word if it gives you any more trouble that's all we need them for but it seems to me I know you think it would be a good idea if I made a personal dictionary and I'll start it with blue vinegar and procedure you don't need me anymore so I'll just uh oh the Blackboard we'd better erase the rules somebody might wonder how they got there yeah somebody might well goodbye Tom and good luck with your report thanks thanks a whole lot that was very interesting David and very well done yes what is it Thomas may I write up Dave's experiments for the paper a very certainly after the final report to mate of Agnes's experiment last week first thing you know you'll be our official reporter oh thank you Miss Phillips although frankly Thomas I'm still surprised at the sudden Improvement in your spelling [Music] thank you foreign disembodied voice I can see you we all can see you what a nightmarish uh situation for our main character um the other thing is that voice sounded like a young Mike Wallace uh and Mike Wallace had did do narration for some uh Coronet films like early Coronet like Shy Guy uh he's the narrator so I'm just wondering if this is him again um haunting that that poor young boy who is just trying to make a name for himself in the uh science uh class reporting that's that's news like anyways uh let's see so behind me oh I had it right the first time uh is a film scanner and I had my nephew Nate on here Friday we talked we watched some uh old educational films about uh computers and we didn't have time for this one but I really wanted to show it anyways because it's kind of cool um so here is access enjoy [Music] [Applause] the significance of computerized Information Systems might seem to be an abstract concern but on the contrary they are solving the very practical problem of the overabundance of information thousands of articles are published in medical journals each year how can a doctor find what he needs without wasting time there are hundreds of thousands of teachers in this country how can we exchange our discoveries in the classroom there are hundreds of jobs available which one is right for me 500 restaurants each has its own menu 30 airlines flying a thousand flights 300 houses for sale 1000 hotels 18 paid vacation 400 campgrounds six hundred thousand products how can you make a decision there's too much to choose from what is relevance what is irrelevant foreign [Music] information systems are providing easy access to information [Music] computers are like most tools they can be used for a wide variety of tasks originally designed for computation they are now being used to help you gain access to information which is like looking for a needle in a haystack the magnitude of the job may require some assistance unfortunately traditional tools are not very effective but computerized information retrieval systems offer a quick powerful tool that makes short work of an otherwise difficult task [Applause] systems will do more than find one needle they will retrieve many needles giving the Searcher a small relevant pile to choose from [Music] foreign example is the dialogue system at the Office of Education San Mateo County California where Specialists answer requests for information from school teachers using the retrieval system they search a database containing over a hundred thousand documents rapidly the file is narrowed down to a small pertinent subset five to ten of the most relevant documents are chosen and microfiche copies are sent to the teachers foreign s of more than a million and a half Satellite photographs of the Earth make up one of the databases of the nasus system each photograph is recorded as a citation including location date cloud cover type of terrain and other features geologists ecologists agronomists and other physical scientists can then easily determine which photographs pertain to their research once identified reproductions are sent to them for their use [Music] another system in use at the House of Representatives handles more than 24 000 bills considered by Congress annually yes I I understand the problem you're having let me check and find out where the bill is I've forgotten just what happened on that just a second hold on would you please Bill status let me help you all right all right yes I need the information on the railroad retirement field I thought we'd pass that last spring can you check it for me please yes please yes I'm I'm Congressman Pete McCloskey California I believe the bill you would be interested in is H.R 7200 that bill was introduced by Congressman staggers and reported out of the interstate and foreign Commerce Committee on May 22nd it passed the house by a vote of 387-5 on June 19th it passed the Senate by a Voice vote and after completing conference was signed by the president on July 10. it is now public law number 93-69. fine thank you very much you're welcome hello hi let me tell you what happened in April 1973 Congressman Wayne Hayes announced the introduction of this new information service within six months the bill status office was handling more than 800 calls a day from Congressman government employees and the public [Music] it might seem that information travels only from the database to the user however the Spire system at Stanford University allows users to put information into their own databases these can then be made available to the entire community of users an example is a constantly growing restaurant file created and maintained by a student Gourmet [Music] foreign this file contains the name location price range type of food and criticisms of each restaurant after a careful search of the database a prospective Diner can make an informed Choice based on the experience of others thank you here are the leader system at Lehigh University is being used to demonstrate a simple search the request is entered in language comfortable for the searcher the system takes the major words in the request and immediately displays phrases containing those words the Searcher studies the phrases to decide which are most suitable abstracts of documents can then be displayed to see if they match the searcher's needs reading these may suggest other phrases or the Searcher may ask to have a list of related phrases shown I'll get your goals through the procedure of looking at phrases then examining documents repeating this process until satisfied with the leader system and most others a Searcher typically spends 15 to 30 minutes at the terminal in order to retrieve about 50 documents another approach to searching encourages the user to break the request up into its basic concepts by grouping synonyms into sets then by intersecting them it's easy to see how many documents can be retrieved if there are too many it's possible to get only the most recent by applying a qualification like date after 1968. concept can be narrowed broadened or recombined until the Searcher is satisfied thank you just as with any powerful tool education is necessary in order to use an information system effectively instruction works best if it is personally furnished the moment the need arises because there is a need new systems are coming on the market every day [Music] while each retrieval system is different from every other they have a lot in common it helps to think of them in terms of their structural components the system interface provides the means of communication between a user and the information stored in a database the users of these systems scientists lawyers doctors businessmen and students must use terminals for their part in the communication a doctor we must have a terminal foreign [Music] thank you now let's consider the databases which fall into three categories document retrieval is concerned with retrieving sets of individual records management information processing is concerned with retrieving and combining records into reports and graphs question answering is concerned with providing specific answers to a wide variety of questions presently the functional needs of document retrieval are largely known management information processing is less well understood and question answering remains in the research stage in the future as their functions increasingly overlap the differences between these three will almost disappear and generalized systems will emerge various media are used for storing the information in a database while tapes are used for batch retrieval interactive retrieval relies upon discs drums and data cells [Music] for all types of users and databases the important characteristic of interactive retrieval is the quick interchange of information with the system interface providing the necessary means of communication foreign these systems have been designed to operate on many different computers performance of this Hardware ought to be unobtrusive freeing the user to concentrate on the task of retrieval [Music] foreign has shown that the development of transportation technology encouraged the growth of our physical communities likewise the development of communication technology stimulated the expansion of our intellectual communities [Music] we can see evidence of this development in the evolution of magazines originally oriented toward general information for a large general public they have been largely replaced by many special interest magazines which reach smaller but more actively involved special interest groups foreign we may soon be seeing similar developments in news media instead of mass duplication of news for a general public it may be possible for people to receive news in a way which reflects individual preferences for subject material the problem for the future is reducing the cost of searching Laser Technology is one approach which reduces the cost of storing each bit of information by allowing trillions of bits to be stored in the space the size of a refrigerator [Music] today searching costs range from 25 to 100 an hour networking would allow many people to share this expense timet is an example which connects people to computers by phone another is the arpa network which ties individual computers together in the future additional networks will reach many more communities as access to systems continues to increase the professional intermediary will remain important two heads are better than one for solving problems when did you want to go for two nights three nights except you can only go so far it is also likely that Central information locations will develop where a person can pay a small fee to have a professional help with the retrieving we still have campsites available for those nights at One Stop good afternoon TWA reservations let me see if it's coming in on time today yeah as use of Information Systems becomes popular there may not be enough intermediaries to meet the demand eventually people will become accustomed to doing their own searching an example of this is an experimental terminal in the corner of a record store in Berkeley California it is operated by a cooperative and presently is free to the public eventually they hope to build a user Community large enough to be self-supporting while charging only nominal fees and now if you're not interested in that one you could also put in an ad that you're looking for you want to do that well this town is actually playing around with it but um I think that I might use it in the future for when I might be looking for an apartment or something like that um look for something or do you want to add or not I want to find find gigs or auditions in a band a certain type of bands are you part of the band that's looking at our jobs I'm on a Home Alone looking for and then I see okay in that case what what do you play guitar jazz you can get pretty much down to what you want you know if there's anything that you want and has been fed to the computer you know you're likely to find it very easily the old system will still have a lot of pieces of paper on that but there's still a few but there were many more and it was very chaotic and difficult to find exactly what you look at there's no kind of order to it you have to just look around at random and you know this here is pretty good I wish I mean we should be computers like this in a lot of places you know so anybody any musician in town is uh I mean I don't know how many people know about this make a number of situations where information is needed to solve problems people are going to continue pooling their knowledge interactive information retrieval systems will increasingly reduce the time and effort needed to gain access to this information [Music] foreign foreign [Applause] thank you [Music] [Applause] like that film as much as I did um uh only if only because it's almost 50 years old and it reflects uh a lot of the Technologies that appeared in the last 10 years um specifically things that became Yelp uh various search engines um and uh you know advertising for being in a band I'm not sure I guess that's on Craigslist um I'm not sure where where we're going with that but um it's really fascinating to kind of see um where it kind of started and where we got to and the importance of sifting through all that information there's so much information and then how it's being sifted through and then you know the idea they're like well you know maybe we can come up with a way that specializes what your interests are and providing you the news and that we've seen how that's a positive and then how that's a negative um you know where now Google is personalizing your search without you even knowing it and so the amount of information you're getting is supposedly in the direction of what you want but it actually it's a a very um I don't know it's it's it's not what I like it's not the Google that I loved when I first when I switched over from Alta Vista to Google um I like that I got a search and that's what it was it was all this information regardless of what my interests were or what it thought my interests were so there you go uh let's see what do we got um it's time to pierce the unknown enjoy [Music] [Applause] [Music] there is an area of human endeavor as Limitless as outer space where all progress initially takes shape where all great achievements begin as human curiosity the infinite domain of creative thinking this is the vast realm that is the human mind beyond the boundaries of present knowledge are Unwritten ideas representing things to come only human intelligence organize the Myriad facts and it systematic form great and advanced civilization has been built through continuing scientific developments foreign s all the metals and materials have existed since before history began it is only because we have been increasingly able to reach ahead into the unknown that the world of today exists from Early Times devices to assist men in calculating or Computing have been employed but now Computing problems have become tremendous in this age of atomic power and supersonic flight [Music] repetitive manual labor has been greatly reduced through the use of Machinery but more than that machines do work that human muscles could never accomplish [Music] improved automatic devices also are needed to relieve man of repetitive mental work not only to free the human mind for creative thinking but to obtain positive and Rapid answers to problems some of which in the field of sequential calculation never have been attempted in addition to such complicated calculations our modern world depends on fabulously extensive files of data valuable time is consumed in locating and referring to this data in the process of information handling however simple it may be memory or information storage is an indispensable element in adding the products or sums of numbers the figures must be set down in order this is the utilization of information storage to free the human mind from such work accessibility of information storage must be as automatic as the calculation itself years of research develop the fact that Electronics could be used both in Rapid calculation and for Rapid access to stored information this is now of vital importance in the work of defending our civilization against aggression we cannot take time to Euro method in the search for the most practical design for a guided missile there are also many peacetime problems for example a commercial airplane model of the mid-30s required 70 000 engineering man hours the modern airliner requires approximately 12 million engineering man hours this is a significant example of today's tremendous Computing and processing problems we can only estimate what tomorrow's designs will demand in time and effort to meet these ever increasing problems IBM now presents the first of a new line of equipment known as electronic data processing machines these several machines work together as a unit to provide one of the fastest and most versatile means known for the processing of data new principles have been applied to provide vast capacity for the storage of data and instructions in magnetic tapes in magnetic drums in the electrostatic storage this data can be made available in a few millionths of a second for use in the arithmetic unit [Music] work which would take even recent electronic sequential calculators 50 hours to do this equipment can accomplish in less than seven minutes such an achievement did not happen overnight but was developed over a long period of years by scores of scientists and technicians and was based on Decades of experience in manufacturing machines for use in business offices this association with business and science reveal the vital need for electromechanical devices which could perform Advanced Computing operations it led to the first of seven significant steps in the growth of today's giant calculators when in 1929 construction and testing of the first calculating machine to compute and print mathematical tables was completed this statistical calculator was presented to Columbia University in December of that year then in 1934 interest stimulated by the work performed on this calculator led to the founding of the Thomas J Watson astronomical Computing Bureau at Columbia here was a new departure in scientific calculation Tire some additions subtractions multiplications the looking up of numbers and tables the reading and writing of figures all were done by the machines people for devices which could go beyond this and actually assist in solving mathematical equations was first filled by the automatic sequence controlled calculator this the first giant calculator was composed of electromechanical devices and was dedicated at Harvard University in 1944. it was immediately applied to the solving of sequential calculations in Naval Ordnance problems [Music] in 1946 after years of research Electronics was applied to the first production line electronic multiplier when the type 603 was announced this was expanded two years later into the type 604 electronic calculator which is capable of Performing 60 operations in a problem at a constant speed of 6 000 problems per hour such speed is possible because electronic devices have the property of producing rapidly recurring pulses and can be used to count at extremely high rates up to millions of times per second the 604 is so widely used in industry today that it is being built on a production line basis machine employs 1300 electronic tubes [Music] thank you [Applause] thank you [Music] this experience in electronic research and application in 1947 led to the building of the selective sequence electronic calculator which was installed at IBM world headquarters in New York [Music] the sscc solved some of the largest mathematical computations ever completed up to that time [Music] for example scientists encountered a problem dealing with splitting the uranium atom requiring 9 million sequential calculations a mathematician working with a desk calculator would have had to labor over it for 100 years the sscc produced the answer in 100 hours in 1949 the card programmed electronic calculator was announced designed for scientific and Engineering sequential calculations this computer was organized from regular production machines instructions originate from punched cards fed into the card reader from which figures are placed in the storage unit for later use or sent on to the electronic unit which can calculate more than 80 multiplications a second the answers May either be printed or punched in cards meanwhile in the IBM Laboratories research was going on more intensively than ever machines were needed with greater speed greater storage capacity and great flexibility extensive research was made into all available electronic tube designs to develop them to meet the precise requirements of computers one such accomplishment is the cathode ray tube developed for use as an electrostatic storage unit cathode ray tube can store the equivalent of 140 decimal digits random access to these is almost instantaneous in a few millionths of a second any number stored on a tube may be selected for use information is stored on the screen of the tube through the presence and absence of charred spots a scanning electronic beam reads these charges and converts them into electronic pulses the pulses are interpreted as numbers or instructions [Music] another component developed as a storage medium is the magnetic drum these drums are rotating cylinders surfaced with a material which can be easily magnetized thousands of digits are stored on the surface of the drum through the presence and absence of magnetized areas as the drums rotate and are read by many reading units all the information on their surfaces is available thousands of times a minute still another development is the Magnetic Tape the tapes are plastic oxide coated ribbons with information recorded on them by means of magnetized spots the information in several office filing cabinets can be stored on one reel of tape it is possible to record data onto the tapes or to read information from them at the rate of thousands of decimal digits a second such components are being investigated and developed constantly thus when accelerated National Defense created a need for a better calculator the components were ready these new principles now have been Incorporated in the electronic data processing machines and they are ready to assist in solving the complex problems which defense measures in an era of supersonic speed and atomic power have created for example a rocket cannot be aimed like an artillery shell whose weight does not change and which coasts to its mark the rocket becomes lighter as its fuel Burns its motor exerts a changing thrust as the fuel is exhausted and there are many other factors to be considered and each may change in the fraction of a second the trial and error method cannot be used we must know before we build the rocket exactly how it will behave to calculate this we take all factors into account and plot the missile's path in intervals of one tenth of a second for the required length of time for a typical calculation performed on the card program calculator 75 seconds are required for each point on the path or a total of approximately two hours for one set of conditions since we must study in this case the paths for at least 25 different designs approximately 50 hours were required on the card program calculator now electronic data processing machines can perform all these sequential calculations and print the results for the 25 sets of conditions in less than seven minutes now more time will be available for pre-testing each model as well as for creative thinking to illustrate the great potentialities of this equipment let us trace this problem briefly as it proceeds through the machines on a few feet of magnetic tape the weights thrusts and all other basic information for the 25 different rocket designs are recorded also on tape are recorded instructions to tell the equipment how to do the problem when the equipment is started the instructions and data are read from the tape at a rate equivalent to 12 500 decimal digits per second the instructions and data then pass to the electrostatic storage unit where they appear on the cathode ray tube screens part of the information instructs the machine to begin the program and carry out the specified calculations instructions and data go back and forth between the electrostatic storage and the arithmetic unit and Computing is accomplished intermediate results are recorded on the magnetic drum to be available when required all under control of the instructions originally stored on the Magnetic Tape the results are recorded on the tape for permanent storage or recorded by the printer in this problem the values are printed for each second of the Rocket's path for the velocity position acceleration your pitch and roll of the rocket the final values tell where the rocket will land all of the data not only on one rocket design but on 25 variations are produced in less than seven minutes thus it is now practical to investigate hundreds of detailed designs because of the tremendous capacities and speeds of this new calculator foreign the reading speeds are significant [Music] writing is not only fast but versatile [Music] processing speeds permit computations in microseconds [Music] storage is vast and flexible [Music] this is a Triumph of advanced storage in calculating techniques components developed against a large background of research a Triumph yes but no matter how great a thing is there is always room for improvement today the components and parts the machines of tomorrow are taking shape in the Research Laboratories [Music] in order to ensure that no approach has been ignored researchers are studying the characteristics of many different elements [Music] one component being investigated is the transistor a small piece of germanium and wire there is also research in progress pertaining to Magnetic cores and ferroelectric materials [Music] the defense effort has taken priority but Advanced Studies are underway to adapt new electronic components for service in business for electronics is the fastest and most versatile means known for handling accounting and statistical data the people of IBM long ago took the lead in this field and are maintaining it with Advanced production methods applied here to the new electronic data processing machines being assembled [Music] yes new progress is being made because the electron the smallest particle in nature [Music] count and brought to the aid of scientists and businessmen who are expanding the frontiers of knowledge for after all the real barrier is time the shape of things to come may now be resolved in decades instead of centuries the years may be compressed the future stream accelerated because the human mind has been relieved of much repetitive work to devote itself to creative thinking to go on piercing the unknown [Music] there is a lot to like about that film um uh I didn't quite know from the title I knew that it was Tech oriented uh based on what I like quickly browse through but I didn't uh quite 100 percent understand that the correlation between this and the film that we showed access but certainly um this is all about uh the exciting new technologies in 1953 um that would allow us to process lots of data data we love it the data um so uh I guess this was a kind of an addition to what we showed last week uh with the computer films and my nephew uh and he will be back um on Friday and I'm gonna try to get him to pick some films um I kind of got him started with this uh uh because he wasn't quite sure like what I had so I'm gonna try to nudge him and see if he can uh pick a topic um thanks for tuning in today very much appreciate your eyeballs and your comments and if you like what you saw hit the thumbs up button smash that that like button um uh share what we're doing tell other other people comment of course subscribe and you can buy us coffee if you go to KO Dash fi.com avgeeks that's a great way to support us by feeding us caffeine to stimulate our nervous systems um we'll be back again tomorrow everybody have a great rest of your day and we will see you soon take care