AV Geeks Lunch 6-8-2022

so [Music] so so so so so so oh boy what a way to start um yeah so sometimes uh restream which is the stream propagator i use decides to go live uh and sometimes it doesn't um and so i went live unintentionally and didn't really have anything to show and uh people were sitting there talking away so i apologize then the microphone wasn't in the right state and i hear all this i was in the back uh switching this over to 16 millimeter from 35 millimeter because we showed some 35 yesterday and so sorry everybody that was annoying very annoying sometimes things get very complex but thankfully addition is easy enjoy [Music] billy thompson is opening his bank he's been saving to buy a set of paints for school and the baseball bat does he have enough money to buy those things he doesn't really have the paint box yet but let's pretend it's here how much do the paints cost 65 cents but billy doesn't have the paints yet how about the bat how much does it cost 1.29 and billy doesn't have the bat now either let's write down these numbers for the paints 65 cents or 65 pennies and for the bat 1.29 or 129 pennies but how much money does billy have he has one dollar that's the same as 100 pennies and a half dollar or 50 pennies and a quarter or 25 pennies and one two three four dimes or 40 pennies and 1 2 3 4 5 6 seven eight pennies now billy can add just a minute billy just how did you add arrange your money on the floor and with the numbers we'll see how adding works here are eight pennies let's put down eight and here are four dimes how shall we put this down to write this number we need two places here's a four to stand for the four dimes now we'll need a zero as a placeholder in the units place we'd better move the dimes and pennies into their places too one place will be for pennies call it the unit's place and this place will be for dimes call it the tens place but let's study our numbers a little 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 these numbers belong in the units place but 10 takes up two places this one means one ten and this zero means no units now one ten and one unit eleven one ten and two units twelve one ten and three units thirteen and so on so now we all know that this number means four tens and no units forty we put down the number forty to stand for four dimes now what number should we put for the rest of billy's money here's a quarter let's change it to pennies and dimes so we can add we'll change it to pennies first how many pennies do we have let's pile them up and see here are five pennies to add to the other pennies and two piles of ten pennies each a dime is the same as ten pennies and a quarter is the same as five pies and two dimes what number should we put down five units and two tens twenty five now do you know how many dimes make a half dollar that's right five so what do we put to stand for the half dollar five dimes and no pennies five tens and no units and now the dollar what should we put for the dollar do you know well suppose we change the dollar to pennies what a lot of pennies let's pile them up by tens now ten piles with ten pennies in each pile if we change them to dimes we'll have ten dimes and ten dimes are the same as one dollar now there are no pennies so we'll put zero in the units place there are no dimes so we'll put zero in the tens place then a one in the hundreds place gives us the number to stand for one dollar 100 and there are the numbers to stand for billy's money now we're ready to add the numbers on the floor just the way billy added the same numbers on the blackboard we'll start from the top and add the units first five units and eight units five pennies and eight pennies that makes 13 pennies doesn't it but we can't put 13 in the units place 13 takes up two places 13 really means ten and three units one dime and three pennies we'll put three in the units place and we have one more dime to add to the other dimes so above the tens place let's put down one now we'll add the tens one ten and five tens and two tens and four tens one dime and five dimes six times and two eight dimes and four twelve dimes we can't put twelve in the tens place twelve takes up two places so we'll change ten of the dimes to one dollar then there are two dimes left and we'll put two in the tens place now we have one more dollar to add to the other dollar and above the hundreds place one more hundred to add to the other hundred one hundred and one hundred one dollar and one more dollar two dollars so we'll put two in the hundreds place and that's the way to add that's the way billy adds now billy wants to check to make sure he didn't make a mistake he added from the top to four so this time billy will add from the bottom eight thirteen 1 5 7 12 1 2 and now billy has two hundreds and two tens and three units that's the same as 223 pennies is that enough to buy the paints and the bat see if you can add with billy four belongs in the units place nine in the tens place and one in the hundreds place what is the answer and how do we check our adding that's right add from the bottom up 194 just what we found adding the other way and billy knows that 223 is more than the price of both the paints and the bat so he can buy them both and he'll have some money left oh better pick up the money now billy can't wait to have both the paints and the back he added and he found out that he has enough money to buy them both and we found out how to add we know that this is the unit's place and this is the tens place and this is the hundreds place and ten units are the same as one ten addition is easy [Music] oh yeah i know that the elementary math films can be a little tedious but i've i personally find them to be uh meditative um and i especially like how they try to frame it like how do we get kids interested in math well it's all about saving money for the thing that they really want um that seems to be the the common uh factor there um all right so uh before the international space station uh nasa had something in the sky called sky lab and so they did a lot of different films uh they're documenting um research in space uh this is before it fell to the ground um in the 1980s early 80s 1970s i can't remember uh anyways um this is magnetic effects in space enjoy the summer of 1973 three astronauts alan bean jack lousma and dr owen garriott were launched into space where they spent almost two months in the skylab spacecraft the world's first laboratory in space [Music] the crew performed a variety of scientific experiments and demonstrations the on-board scientist officially designated a scientist pilot was dr owen garriott a former professor of electrical engineering and an astronaut since 1965. during the mission dr garriott conducted a number of demonstrations specifically for the use of science students back on earth dr garriott discusses some of his skylab experiences with high school students skylab is perhaps the most unusual laboratory that you can imagine uh living in weightlessness meant that you didn't walk from point a to point b instead you floated and to do that you simply pushed yourself off and drifted over to the spot that you were headed for now here you see some of our weightless gyrations that we went through during a little time we took away from our work schedule now this weightlessness also made it possible for us to conduct some science demonstrations that we simply couldn't do here on earth because of the strong influence of gravity one of our demonstrations involved the earth's magnetic field and this completely surrounds the earth making it in effect uh the earth itself a giant magnet one of the many things that this field does is to protect us from dangerous solar particle radiation coming not only from the sun but also from the outer reaches of our galaxy skylab moves through the steady magnetic field of the earth making almost 16 revolutions every 24 hours as you see skylab's orientation with respect to the nearby magnetic field is constantly changing the uniqueness of the earth's magnetic field has led some to the conclusion that this field may have been a vital factor even in the development of life here on earth we also know that even minute changes in the earth's magnetic field both its strength and in its direction can seriously interfere with some aircraft instruments and also ships compasses and this can lead to endangering lives when their navigation is performed by reference to the strength and direction of the earth's magnetic field this field also is basically related to the appearance of aurora or northern and southern lights as we call them and interacts with the solar wind also which is a new discovery of our space age let's take a look at some of our tv footage and see a skylab demonstration in which some of the effects of the earth's magnetic field are demonstrated i'm sure most all of you at least at one time or another in your past have had the occasion to use a compass it's of course made from just a little magnet and the north end always points toward the north pole and you can use it to determine for example your way out of the woods or your way on a hike and that sort of thing well perhaps many of you haven't ever thought about whether or not the earth field extends fly out into space for example here we are up in skylab some 270 miles above the surface of the earth and indeed the earth's magnetic field does extend out this far and in fact a good deal further but we can demonstrate that as well and perhaps you would enjoy seeing such a demonstration here's a group of little magnets that i have these are about two inches long and about two tenths of an inch in diameter and uh when we put these uh just floating out in mid-air like i'm doing here you can see that they take on a very definite orientation for example there is one i've released it right out in the center now and you can see it is settling down to a specific orientation that's the direction in which the earth's magnetic field is running here right along parallel to this little bar magnet and we can of course use this to determine the direction of the earth's field right up here at the location skylab is at now as we travel around the earth if we could watch this for a longer period we would see this little magnet make several rotations as we circle the earth because the direction of the earth's magnetic field is changing here's another thing that we can do you see we must not get too close to it with another magnet because when we do uh the two of them interact and they very much perturb and influence the other one now uh let me just make a couple other little uh demonstrations here for you first of all we found you see that one magnet aligns very nicely with earth's needle and if you watch very carefully you can see this dipole oscillate back and forth and i'm removing all the other magnets so that they do not influence it now perhaps you'd find interesting in one of your science classes to try to compute a period of that little compass or another way to do it you can measure the period from this oscillation and compute the strength of the earth's magnetic field right up here at the skylab orbit uh to do it you'll need to know a little bit about this magnet but you can estimate that approximately from the fact that it's a two inch long two tenths inch diameter magnet and make a calculation to determine what the period of that oscillation should be now here's another little question that might be appropriate for some of the younger members of our audience suppose i take two of these magnets and i put them together like this now if i put these out here and let them float you see they have almost no tendency at all to line up with earth's field they're just a little bit remaining but almost no tendency at all until perhaps you can explain that or if you can't you can ask your science teacher and he or she can tell you why it is with two magnets like this we seem to lose that tendency to line up with the earth's field well we saw the period of one oscillation a minute ago let me uh try it uh with uh two magnets end to end like this now you see they also oscillate not like the two side by side two ends of end will still occur and maybe you can see that and you can measure this period and from that period uh you could again calculate the earth's field or you can determine something about the inertias of these uh combination of two magnets and i'll leave that for another calculation for your science class we'll give you a close-up look at the oscillation of one magnet put back in the center and now we'll use two to isolate and you see the period of this oscillation is a good deal more slow when we have two of them together and we can extend that into three or three rides if we like and there the period is very clear and can be measured rather accurately now if i put three side by side again see they all have a different period there we go before resuming our skylab demonstrations i'd like to give you an opportunity to measure the period of the oscillations of the different combinations of magnets that we've just been looking at now after you've measured these periods and the film has ended your instructor will supply you with the other data that are needed to calculate either the moment of inertia or the strength of the earth's magnetic field from our skylab location up in space now here's how i would suggest that you make the measurement of the period of these oscillations now this little pin that i'm going to show you here will represent the dipole you've just seen and in my other hand i've got a stopwatch and so the way i would measure that period is to wait until a dipole has tipped to one extreme fits motion and more or less stopped ready to turn around and at that point start your stopwatch and then measure at least one or if there is time perhaps two or even three oscillations of the dipole and then stop the stopwatch now i've just simulated there for example measuring three of the oscillations and my stopwatch reads ten and a half seconds and so the period uh dividing ten and a half by three gives us three and a half seconds for oscillation of the dipole and then you'll want to go back of course and measure that period for each of the various combinations of magnets that we've just been looking at first let's make a dry run start your stopwatch precisely when you see the dot and hear the tone count the oscillations one two and then stop the watch when you see the dot again and hear the tone okay now we're going to repeat the footage for the single magnet so you can make that measurement when you're through write down the measurement on your paper and then we can measure the period of the oscillations for two magnets now let's measure the period of three magnets side by side and write that number down then finally we'll measure the period of the three magnets when they're placed end to end in a long single dipole when you've completed that we'll have four measurements recorded on our paper and we'll use these measurements in our calculations when the film is ended now in another demonstration we will observe the effect of a magnet attached to a nut similar to this one that we cause to spin like a top in space now we're going to tape a little magnet to the nut just like this use a little piece of gray tape just the way we did on board the spacecraft and we're going to observe the effect of this magnet on the spinning of the nut note that the polarity of this flat magnet is not along its long axis as it is with the little bar magnets instead the north and south poles are located on the flat sides what we'll see is first of all when we launch it in an orientation parallel to the earth's magnetic field that the spin is fairly stable once again it continues to spin pretty nearly stably about the direction which was launched but what happens if we allow the nut and the magnet to float freely in space let's take a look at the case in which the attached magnet has an orientation or a polarity in which its dipole is not in the same direction as that of the earth's magnetic field the next thing i want to show is uh when i tip these in a direction perpendicular to that if it's not spinning watch what it does you see it tips right over and turns parallel to the earth's field so that it's spin axis or its axis through the disc is oriented with the earth's field just the way it was before that's his normal tendency is to tip right over and align its own dipole with the direction of the earth's field now i'm going to spin it about this direction and we'll see what its reaction is all right now it's more or less spin axis perpendicular to the earth's field at this point when we have to watch this for just a minute here but the thing that i want you to observe is the fact that it's spin axis is tipping over in another direction you see how it's now tipped over to the point where it's almost facing the camera and now it has it's tipped about 90 degrees but not toward the earth's field which is off to my right instead it is tipped over towards the camera now this is called precession now we'll go back and check the earth's field once more and see whether it's changed take another of our little magnets [Applause] it may have changed a little bit but not a great deal in the time that we've been talking but these magnets are already influencing each other as you can see and they'll align themselves just like that in the direction here at field now this concludes our demonstrations of magnetic effects in space we've observed first of all the oscillations of various combinations of little bar magnets and then next we've seen the precession of a spinning object in this case a small gyroscope represented by this spinning nut with a magnet attached after you've completed the suggested calculations you will know that the earth's magnetic field extends far out into space above the earth and you will have calculated its magnitude and observed its changing direction we've also seen the very first demonstration of precession ever observed in this marvelous new laboratory that we call space and in this laboratory of course gravitational forces no longer perturb our experiments perhaps your own curiosity and imagination will suggest even more sophisticated experiments to you which can be demonstrated on later flights [Music] no love for the astronauts um the uh not everything that nasa makes is exciting explosions with awesome music i remember i was uh digitizing some things for an astronaut with some of his home home videos and uh he was a shuttle astronaut and there was this tape of vhs tape of him it was on the vomit comet and they had a bike and he was on the stationary bike and every time they would do the the thing where they would kind of you know go up and then go down where there was kind of a weightlessness then they would this light would come on and then he would start like doing the bi pedaling the bike really fast and these uh scientists were next to him kind of like looking at his ekg and all these other factors then you know they would have to even out on the plane and then he would stop the light would go off and he would stop and then same thing for like four hours so um yeah nasa is not always like super scintillating there's some tedium and some boredom so i apologize for the tedium um let's uh let's try to make things a little spicier by showing what it's like to live in a metropolis in new york city enjoy [Music] [Applause] new york city is located on the atlantic coast of the united states at the mouth of the hudson river here in the largest city in the world more than nine million people live and work and play new york is a great center of transportation industry and trade such a city important to the life of a whole country is called a metropolis new york is a metropolis because it serves the needs of the entire united states one reason new york has become a metropolis is the fact that it has an excellent harbor port is the largest in the world new york is a natural gateway to the united states [Music] from new york natural lowland routes lead inland up the hudson and mohawk river valleys into the great lakes region and the midwest besides being a natural gateway into the interior of the country new york is also the terminus of many other lines of transportation as a result an immense volume of shipping passes in and out of new york [Music] goods for many parts of the country and from foreign lands are handled at the city's docks there is room for hundreds of vessels to load or unload their cargos more ships come into this harbor than to any other port in america [Music] railroads connecting new york with other parts of the country carry great quantities of freight and many passengers to and from the city new york is the eastern terminus of a great railroad network that reaches all over north america passengers here arrive and depart for all parts of the united states and for canada and mexico as well [Music] aviation has increased new york's importance as a transportation center near the city are three huge airports these are busy day and night serving passenger and cargo airlines much of the air traffic going in and out of these air terminals is international from here one may buy a ticket for a flight around the world or fly overnight to london and paris by plane it takes less than a day to south america [Music] flying over new york it is easy to understand why there are so many tall buildings on the small island of manhattan here the only way that enough room can be made for business places and homes is to erect higher and higher buildings many of these are called skyscrapers the metropolis of new york is actually made up of several large cities the most important of these cities within the city is the crowded island of manhattan where two million people live another three million live elsewhere but have jobs in manhattan and every day hundreds of thousands come to the city as visitors in a crowded metropolis like new york people have difficulty in finding places to live park avenue the city's best known residential street is lined with tall apartment houses another section of manhattan has the largest negro population of any community in the world this is harlem in much of harlem as in other parts of new york families live crowded together in tenement houses some sections of new york such as the one called little italy seem almost like communities in a foreign land these neighborhoods were settled by immigrants who arrived in new york from countries in the old world others who came later found life in the new world less strange by living with those who could speak their own language in chinatown most of the residents are people whose parents or grandparents came to the united states from the far away orient many different races and nationalities make up the population of new york this metropolis has been called a melting pot because sooner or later its people become americans in some parts of the city worn out tenements are being replaced by groups of modern skyscraper homes in these buildings hundreds of families have their own separate sets of rooms called housekeeping apartments the crowded island of manhattan is but one of the five divisions of new york city these divisions are called burrows besides manhattan there are the bronx queens brooklyn and richmond and for miles beyond the activities of the people are so closely linked with new york that the entire area is known as greater new york a new york family wishing to occupy a single house with even a small lawn or garden must live miles away from the business district communities surrounding the city are called suburbs although in the suburbs of new york homes are built close together families enjoy more freedom and are not troubled by the noise of the big city the transportation of the millions of people who go back and forth to manhattan island every working day is a tremendous problem people who do business in the city but live in the suburbs are called commuters a great many of these people make their daily trips by train during the morning and evening rush hours all means of transportation are crowded with passengers ferry boats run back and forth across the rivers and bays that surround manhattan island most people who travel by ferry come from communities in new jersey and in the borough of richmond before bridges were built to link manhattan with the mainland ferry boats were the only means of moving passengers and vehicles to the island [Music] today new york has the most elaborate rapid transit system of any city in the world [Music] because there is no longer room for tracks above ground trains go underground into subways and tunnels as they approach the crowded areas of the city tunnels have been bored deep under the rivers and fast electric trains run on tracks laid beneath streets and buildings these underground railways make it possible for new yorkers to get about the city quickly moving stairs help passengers from the subway stations far below ground to the level of the streets because manhattan is an island a great many bridges are needed so that automobiles and trucks can go in and out of the city the george washington bridge spans the hudson river and connects the highways of new jersey with express highways that run around the island of manhattan new york's express highways also connect with tunnels constructed just for motor traffic four great highways built under the rivers lead from various parts of the island to new jersey brooklyn and queens these tunnels are used by passenger cars buses and by the fleets of trucks which hold goods and supplies for the millions who live in the city tons and tons of food are needed every day for homes restaurants and hotels because the land on manhattan island is too valuable to be used for raising food everything in the markets comes from outside the city farms as far away as oregon california and texas help feed the millions who live in the metropolis because there is little space for storage in manhattan fresh foods must be delivered to big central markets every day during the early morning hours produce from all over the country is distributed to thousands of smaller markets grocery stores and restaurants at noon time streets are filled with lunch hour crowds throughout new york's business district there are restaurants to suit every taste and every pocketbook automats are cafeterias where customers drop coins in a slot and in return obtain food quickly [Music] grouped around one short and narrow street at the lower end of manhattan are many big banks and investment firms the money that comes to wall street belongs to millions of people everywhere who have put their savings in bank accounts insurance policies stocks and bonds these financial companies provide much of the money needed to carry on business and to expand industry in the united states as well as abroad to build skyscrapers comes from wall street firms that make a business of investing money for other people the empire state building cost many millions of dollars to build and is the tallest structure in the entire world this skyscraper is 102 stories from top to bottom it provides new york's crowded midtown area with space for thousands of additional offices and shops yet it occupies less than one block of the city's valuable land the chrysler building has 77 stories and like other skyscrapers provides headquarters for big businesses that have offices all over the country the group of tall buildings at rockefeller center is almost like another city within the metropolis many of these buildings are occupied by radio and television studios advertising agencies and insurance companies which serve the entire nation people like these earn their living by doing things which other people want instead of making things hundreds of people work for press associations upon which newspapers all over the country depend [Applause] but within the metropolis of new york a great variety of goods is manufactured the largest industry is the making of all kinds of clothes from underwear to fur coats more than a third of all the clothing worn in the united states is made in manhattan's midtown garment center this industry developed in new york chiefly because great numbers of garment workers came here from europe [Applause] with them came dress designers and the city soon became a fashion center the manufacture of a single garment may be done in several different workshops in this heavily congested district it is cheaper and faster to move clothing from one shop to another in hand carts today stores all over the country sell clothing patterned after styles seen in manhattan's most expensive shops new york like every metropolis is a great trading center upper fifth avenue shopping district is the most fashionable in the country many new styles are first shown in fifth avenue stores [Music] [Applause] the window displays of shops along fifth avenue are one of the principal attractions for most visitors to new york [Music] many dealers import expensive merchandise from abroad while others specialize in fine american-made products whatever the world makes to sell can be purchased in new york even the rarest of luxuries may find a buyer among the minions who shop in the city [Music] just as the metropolis of new york is a center of transportation industry and trade it is also a great cultural center of all its many museums and art galleries none is more famous than the metropolitan museum of art almost every day classes from some public or private school visit the metropolitan admission to the museum is free of charge a great many students attend art schools in new york in order to make use of the city's many museums the collection owned by the metropolitan is one of the largest in the world it is a national treasure whose worth cannot be measured it is almost a miracle that in the very heart of crowded manhattan island an immense tract of land has been reserved for a public park [Music] the men who planned for new york's growth had great vision long ago they foresaw the need for central park manhattan's great outdoor playground where the city's minions now enjoy grassy spaces and the cool shade of trees [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] but millions of new york families live too far away from the city's parks and playgrounds to visit them every day the children whose homes are in crowded neighborhoods have no choice but to make playgrounds out of the streets on hot summer days an opened fire hydrant is the city child substitute for waiting in a cool running brook and for older boys the swimming hole is at the end of one of the city's hundreds of peers [Applause] coney island one of new york's largest beaches faces the atlantic ocean and is easily reached by subway trains throughout the summer months coney island is crowded with people seeking relief from the sweltering heat of the city at night the brightest reflection in the skies over new york comes from manhattan the biggest entertainment center in the world is the area around times square and broadway the great white way within walking distance of times square there are hundreds of theaters stage plays and motion pictures here too are the opera the ballet and concerts a metropolis is more than just one big city it is a city made up of many cities that serves not only its own people but also the nation it is a great center of transportation industry and trade where millions of people live and work and play i love new york um there's no way i would live there though forget it but i love working there um spending time there you know maybe i can do two weeks at a time but um there's a lot going on there that is uh still amazing uh let's see um i got on the scanner behind me scanner behind me a film what's so great about books i don't know let's find out [Music] if you could get whatever you wish for your child if money and family circumstance didn't matter and you could pick out anything you like what would you choose as the finest gift you can think of do you know that the most precious gift anyone could imagine is something well within your reach right where you are something your child will never lose that will never break or wear out or go out of style something your child will treasure more and more every day of every year of his life the cost can be very little or nothing at all in fact it's something that money cannot buy and it's a gift that probably only you can give [Music] [Music] most of us hope our children will be good readers a child who reads well has a happier time in school and someday will qualify for a good job but the world of books and reading is far wider far more important than just making good grades or getting a job a real deep-seated love for reading is a priceless heritage a close one-to-one relationship with persons of every nation and walk of life a lifetime window on the whole world [Music] this devotion doesn't happen by itself however and it doesn't happen overnight it comes only from many many pleasant experiences with books shared with one or more adults who are themselves devoted to books and reading ideally the sharing begins when the child is a baby listening to the music of lullabies the rhyme and rhythm of words he does not yet know or understand it's never too early to expose an infant to happy comforting reassuring words the experiences grow more meaningful as the baby becomes a toddler a preschooler than a kindergartner by the time he starts to school books and reading will be as natural and necessary a part of his life is eating and sleeping who will do this for your child books alone cannot do it a book without a caring adult attached to it is of no value to a child [Music] television cannot many parents believe that television can take the place of reading or being read to at least until a child starts to school but this is not true learning to read is an individual achievement a skill that's mastered through the child's own effort with help from an interested adult it's one of the most exciting and satisfying adventures that a young child ever has there's nothing very challenging in most tv programs for children there's no intercommunication no one to answer the child's questions no one to listen to his comments to share his joys or quiet his fears he cannot reach the individual on the television screen and she cannot respond to him teachers librarians and other specialists are eager to help but these busy people must help many children and may see your child only occasionally besides by the time your child is old enough to know these experts several the most vital years have passed many authorities believe that teachers in the early grades can do little to overcome a child's lack of experience with language during the preschool years only you or another adult who cares deeply about your child can lay the foundation for a lifetime love of books and reading it's a precious joyous experience for everyone sharing books together can form a bond that will never know a generation gap how do you begin well actually you plant the seed when you first cuddle your newborn infant in your arms and talk or sing to him long before a baby understands words or experiments with making specific sounds himself he recognizes different sounds and tries to give them meaning sing to your baby he doesn't care whether you can carry a tune it's the sound of your voice the rhythm and rhyme that matter talk to your baby about himself his actions the things he sees around the house soon he will delight in simple finger plays such as this little pig went to market or the patty cake game take your baby walking get him up out of the world of legs and feet and into the world of faces and conversation name the things you see listen when your baby talks to you encourage him to express himself to try new sounds when he begins to form words helping put them together into phrases and simple sentences when he says dog say to him yes that is a white dog babies less than a year old enjoy looking at pictures you can cut out large pictures of familiar objects from magazines or calendars and paste them on a piece of cardboard these arouse a child's interest in helping develop a vocabulary [Music] cloth books with large uncluttered pictures are easy for small hands to hold you can buy them for very little or you can have fun making them yourself from remnants of muslin or other firm fabrics with pictures from magazines calendars or greeting cards a baby also enjoys handling gift catalogs and discarded magazines with pictures and learning to turn pages when you are sure your child can treat a book kindly visit your public library and borrow some of the excellent books with pictures of animals familiar objects and the alphabet young children respond readily to poetry and soon learn to recognize and then to say simple verses beginning with familiar mother goose rhymes you can go on to share with your child short poems about common experiences [Music] soon your toddler will be ready for stories with simple plots by the time a child is about 18 months old he needs to have someone read to him daily most children who are read to during the preschool years learn to read more easily than those who are not with hundreds of beautiful picture books on every kind of subject reading aloud quickly becomes a favorite activity the stories and poems a child hears in the preschool years affect his growth more than many parents realize they teach him hundreds of new words expose him to new ideas stimulate his imagination they teach him appreciation for other people helping to form values aid him in building a good view of himself they help him know the world around him and encourage him to ask questions make comparisons and become a creative thinker a child often asked to hear a favorite story again and again sometimes he may want to share it with you or with friends by acting it out pretending he is the main character flannel boards also fascinate children and provide a good way to share stories you can make an inexpensive flannel board by covering a heavy cardboard with outing flannel or used receiving blanket pictures cut from magazines worn out story books or coloring books or traced from picture books make good characters when a bit of flannel is glued to their backs try telling a story such as the little red hen using the flannel board characters as pictures then let your child tell the story in his own words using the pictures to help [Music] a shoebox lid lined with felt makes a little flannel board that's easy for a small child to handle the box covered with bright contact paper makes a good place to keep the story characters simple puppets also help to dramatize a story a hand-drawn picture taped to a ruler or a wooden spoon with a bit of yarn for hair and a piece of cloth for a dress make a puppet that a preschool child can handle another simple puppet is made by stretching a wire coat hanger into a face shape and pressing it into an old nylon stocking facial features and hair can be glued on to form a puppet or mask even paper bags decorated as different storybook characters can serve as puppets children respond more readily to books about situations with which they've had some first-hand experience it's important for a child to have many experiences outside his home and neighborhood trips to the zoo museums the airport the grocery store can be both fun and informative visits to the public library to attend story hours and select books should be part of the family's regular routine a child's exposure to stories and books is sure to arouse his curiosity about letters and words you can help him recognize letters and their sounds by whatever method your child learns to read basically he must learn three things to recognize shapes to see the difference in shapes and to attach sounds to the various shapes letters after all are simply shapes puzzles with a few large pieces are a help wooden shapes are nice to handle or you can make them yourself from cardboard your child will enjoy shapes games finding and matching those that are alike at first there should be just a few shapes easy to tell apart new ones can be added one or two at a time until all the letters the alphabet and the numbers are included [Music] the preschooler enjoys trying to make the shapes himself and recognizing them when he meets them around the house or away from home praise him for his alertness when he finds a letter let him know you're proud of him help him attach the right sound to the letter how long has it been since your child has seen you reading something besides the newspaper or a recipe book children are great imitators they love to do what they see grown-ups and even older children doing and enjoying include your child in your reading even if it's over his head he still likes to feel he's taking part in what's going on [Music] when your child starts to school he will have an advantage if you have talked to him read to him shown him how to follow a story and talk about it he will enjoy his school activities if you have helped him to feel at home with books and records or tapes [Music] later as he begins to read listen to him and praise him help him to feel that he is beginning an important venture learning a rewarding skill no matter how well your child learns to read you must go on reading to him it will be several years before his skill can keep up with his interest by reading stories too difficult for him to read himself you will keep him reaching and you will continue to build on that priceless warm relationship you shared during story time when he was younger there are hundreds of stimulating stories and volumes of poetry to challenge a growing child's mind interest and values he will discover that stories can take him to places and experiences far beyond the realm of his home and community [Music] children often delight in interpreting stories they read your child may find new uses for his old flannel board or may enjoy drawing or painting pictures of stories you have read together he may put on elaborate puppet shows or creative plays with his friends based on favorite stories as your child grows older the reading aloud activity will become a two-way street when your child comes to you wanting your views on something he's reading or just to share a choice bit of beauty or humor then you'll know what it is that's so great about books years ago a man named gilan wrote a poem that ends you may have tangible wealth untold caskets of jewels and coppers of gold richer than i you can never be i had a mother who read to me wouldn't it be wonderful if all children could grow up feeling this way about books and reading don't you hope your child will [Music] and what may i ask is a dear little cupcake like you doing with nasty old school books my dear child we haven't had school or books and ages no school really why don't you get rid of that school book you can drop them in here it'll get all burned up in there well of course it will dear child and so it should books tamper with man's basic natural ignorance now what could be worse than that but i can't burn this book at school property nonsense apple [Music] [Music] i know you'd rather play so why don't you throw all your books away books are made burning the fire is already [Music] see the flames growing higher burning books is [Music] books will not make you wise and reading's bad for your eyes i am sure you agree so why don't you give all your books to me good morning [Music] see the flames growing higher [Music] [Music] you should listen to me burning your books will set your mind free [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] all right so the fact that i show a film about books you know that i'm gonna show books are for burning because i love that little segment from uh magnificent major um i hope that does not diminish the fact that uh i'm gonna show that film although you know maybe maybe i'll surprise you one day and watch a film about apples and apple sugar and then boom or some books is for burning books for burning anyways uh thanks everybody for tuning in today i know that some of the films were more challenging than others um tomorrow maybe we won't make them so challenging but i don't know sometimes i really dig a film and you guys don't like it and vice versa you really dig a film and i'm like me that's kind of the nature of av geeks so thanks for tuning in today william thanks for the coffee you can buy us coffee at ko-fi.com you can also hit the thumbs up the like button the subscribe button all those things that you can do to tell the internet world that you approve of what we do um everybody have a great rest of your day and we will see you tomorrow take care you