AV Geeks Lunch 1-30-2024

hello everybody I'm skip Alzheimer welcome to the avgeeks lunchtime streaming show um I've pre-recorded this show because I am having an EKG done um because I'm having a procedure done next week uh it's not anything life-threatening it's kind of trying to rectify something that's been a problem since I was 12 after I had a bike accident but um anyways uh I wanted to do something that was heart related because there's going to be little sensors on me uh so uh everything I'm showing tonight or this morning today it's tonight um when I'm recording this but uh everything is heart related so we're going to see a variety of different films from 16mm films about the heart and blood uh so the first one we're we're going to see is how blood clots then space technology improves spacemakers then uh encyclopedia britanica film about how the heart Works called work of the heart then our good friend Dr Irwin moon is going to talk about the story of the bloodstream and then we're going to watch a bunch of Serial commercials for a cereal called heart of Oats so um I'll be back again tomorrow and um we look forward to seeing you if you like what you saw hit the thumbs up hit the like you can donate via the super CH thanks the super CHS the super thanks button oh boy um and also go to ko-fi.com avgeeks or patreon.com avgeeks those are great ways to support us but just being in the comments comments and saying hi is great so we'll see you soon take care [Music] bye [Music] every human cell requires food and oxygen and a way to remove waste [Music] products this need is satisfied in a remarkable Way by our circulatory system the heart at the center of this system pumps a fluid tissue called blood through the arteries capillaries and veins which make up the blood [Music] vessels here we see blood vessels lying close to the surface of the skin blood circulating in these vessels contains cell Foods waste products and other substances in the amounts needed to maintain good health when a vessel is damaged some of the material in the blood help the system to repair itself escaping blood is made to clot and the injured vessel is resealed here is another example of blood clotting at the sight of an injury to a blood vessel we can learn more about how blood clots by observing a sample of human blood at room temperature our blood sample begins to clot in a few minutes we are watching this clot formation in fast [Music] motion after several hours the blood has separated into a red clot and yellow serum what role does each part of the blood play in the clotting process using a centrifuge to spin blood sample at a rapid rate we can separate blood into solid and liquid parts we prevent the blood from clotting in the centrifuge by adding a special chemical the blood separates into solid particles at the bottom and liquid plasma at the top we can then find out what plasma is composed of by treating it with certain chemicals these chemicals react with substances in plasma to form solids the solids are then removed and identified all of the components of plasma can be isolated by repeating these separations with different chemicals when plasma is broken down this way scientists find that 90% is simply water the remaining 10% consists of cell Foods calcium the protein fibrinogen the enzyme prothrombin and many other substances calcium fibrinogen and prothombin are among a dozen known clotting agents found in plasma in addition to plasma human blood contains solid particles called blood cells over 25 trillion blood cells will be found in the blood system of the average adult most of the cells are red Cor pusles they give the blood its red color here we see them being carried Along by the flow of plasma in the blood vessel the red cor pusles transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and return carbon dioxide to the lungs another type of blood cell is the white Cor pusle although they differ in size and nucleus structure all white cells are thought to help destroy bacteria and other foreign bodies in the bloodstream the only other solid particles in the blood are called platelets these appear as clusters of tiny bodies among the red and white cells platelets like red cor pusles are not whole cells they have no nuclei and cannot reproduce but Within These fragments lies the key to the process of blood clotting scientists know that red and white cor pusles develop from cells in the bone marrow but where do platelets come from they looked for the answer in bits of bone marrow grown in cultures like this through the microscope they saw many cells in the [Applause] marrow but they focused their attention on one type it was large and spherical during a 24-hour period the cell underwent an unusual transformation which we see here in fast [Music] motion [Music] [Music] bead likee pieces formed from the Aging cell they seem to be exactly like platelets found in the blood except for the threads connecting them scientists now believe that something in the body dissolves these threads and releases the beads into the bloodstream where we recognize them as platelets platelets play two important roles in the process of blood clotting at the injured area of a blood vessel platelets Gather in large numbers forming a white clot that temporarily seals the wound but some of the platelets escape with the blood they begin a chain reaction which causes the blood to clot aided by other clotting agents the platelets react with calcium to produce a substance called thromboplastin then the thromboplastin reacts with prothombin and calcium forming a new compound thrombin finally thrombin combines with fibrinogen to produce a threadlike substance called fibrin although the formation of fibrin is near the end of the clotting process it is the only part which is visible under the microscope here we see FIB forming in slow motion the white dots are [Music] platelets [Music] the fibrin threads form a mesh which can trap red and white cells the trapped cells give the clot its red color as the mass dries out it forms a scab [Applause] now let's watch the clot form at normal [Music] speed do you think that blood would clot if it had no red or white cells this fresh plasma sample is essentially blood without red or white [Music] cells the formation of a white plot shows that red and white cells are not necessary for clotting red and white cells appear in a normal blood clot simply because they are trapped by fibrin the blood system of a healthy person forms clots as they are needed to prevent blood loss but what happens to a clot in a blood vessel after a wound heals the clot dissolves a substance in human blood called plasmin dissolves blood clots when they are no longer [Music] necessary plasmin reverses the clotting process by dissolving fibrin and and releasing trapped blood cells healthy blood contains the necessary chemicals for both forming and dissolving clots although scientists now know how blood clots many problems related to the clotting process remain unsolved how can we prevent the disease in which dangerous clots form in blood vessels for no apparent reason how can we cure hemophilia or bleeder disease and break the cycle which passes it on to Future Generations today we do not know but further studies into the complicated process of blood clotting may enable us to find the answers [Music] [Applause] being out of water [Music] this is 3 and one2 year-old Jennifer Gario since July 1973 Jennifer has been using a unique rechargeable pacemaker to increase her heart rate from slow to near normal she joined some 60,000 other Americans who had have heart pacemakers implanted every year developed by John's Hopkins University Applied Physics laboratory the pacemaker makes use of power cells originally used aboard satellites in space it is half the thickness and 1/3 the volume of earlier models and can be painlessly recharged from outside the body for 20 years this eliminates the need for surgery every 2 years to remove move and replace batteries Mrs Kathleen Gario tells what the new device has meant to her daughter Jennifer it's meant a lot because since Jennifer's had the pacemaker there's been a complete change in her she's grown in size she's acting very normal where before she really couldn't play or keep up with the other children it also means a great deal to us knowing that she doesn't have to be operated on every 2 years and also the size of it that it's small enough for her the other Pac makers were quite large what the pacemaker does is send an electrical impulse to the heart speeding up Jennifer's heartbeat from a slow rate of 40 to a normal 72 beats a minute and normal she is she does nearly everything a healthy youngster can do and especially enjoys playing with her Brothers cousins and friendsy I want the comment what don't to the comment go in over her routine is different for only 90 minutes a week when she recharges the pacemaker batteries pacemaker charger is very simple it's convenient enough to carry you can take it anywhere necessary to charge her it's also very good if we were on a week's vacation we wouldn't have to take it with us if you miss a week you can catch up on it but there'd be no harm to Jennifer if we should not do [Music] it that alarm means that the charging head is not meeting up it lets us know that it's not char charging when it stops the green light goes on and that means that she's being charged and when the whole charging period is finished a blue light goes on and let us know that it's the end of the charge this means that she's charged for another week we won't have to do it until next week we asked Mrs Gario about the outlook for Jennifer's future the outlook for Jennifer's future is very good the doctors say that she can live to be a ripe old age and she could grow up to to be anything she wants to [Music] be the basic concept for the long life battery in Jennifer's pacemaker has been proven in over 10 years of space use a good example of technology for space now being used to help [Laughter] people this has been an Aeronautics and Space report presented by NASA the National Aeronautics and Space Administration number of in a lifetime about 4 billion amount of blood pumped in a lifetime more than 540,000 metric tons nature of work to pump blood continually to and from the 50 trillion cells in the human body blood the coursing light dream a body blood continually transporting oxygen and nutrients to every cell and absorbing carbon dioxide and other wastes blood the unique fluid that is essential to the life processes of the cells the means by which this vital fluid streams through the body is a system of vessels the human blood transport system is a complex of branching vessels vessels that carry the blood to the cells and vessels that carry it away from the cells maintaining the flow of blood through this transport system is the work of the heart the pump of life this powerful organ is extremely sensitive to changing needs of the cells for blood during active exercise the body cells produce large amounts of wastes and require increased amounts of oxygen and nutrients when the body is at rest the cells produce smaller amounts of waste and require less oxygen and nutrients the heart adjusts to these varying demands mainly by pumping at slower or faster rates this heart that of an anesthetized dog will be used to demonstrate how the rate of beat is affected by various body mechanisms these sound s were recorded by placing a microphone on the exposed heart electric probes simulate the effect of nerve impulses on rate of beat stimulating a nerve called the Vegas has this effect when another nerve one of the sympathetic nerves is stimulated this effect is produced the rate of beat is also affected by another mechanism chemicals called hormones produced by the endocrine glands and released directly into the bloodstream the dark solution in the syringe contains a small quantity of the hormone epinephrine normally produced in the adrenal glands after injection into the bloodstream several seconds will pass before its effect on the raid of beat can be seen the solution in this syringe contains acetylcholine a chemical normally found in nerve cells whatever the rate at which the heart beats the pattern of each bead is essentially the same when photographed in slow motion this pattern becomes more clear the beat starts here and then spreads across the rest of the organ like a wave there are two definite parts to the wave first a contraction scientific name syy syy is followed by the second part of the wave a relaxation scientific name diesto CYO and diast follow each other in a rhythmic pattern this wavelike beat of the heart has been an area of intense research in one demonstration a culture of cells taken from the heart of a rat embryo is prepared the cells are kept alive in a nutrient solution individual heart cells show independent rates of beat early in life if the cells continued to beat independently the heart could not contract and relax as a unit after a short time however a network of fibral forms connecting the cells across this network those few cells which beat fastest transmit their rate to the other cells so that all heart cells beat uniformly even an embryonic heart like this that of a chick embryo less than 2 days old beats rhythmically and as a unit long before n nerve connections have been established to it the heart's tendency to contract and relax is so strong that as in this specially prepared turtle's heart it will continue to beat independently even after it has been removed from the body in mamalian Hearts human included the beat originates with a group of specialized cells located here this region is named the pacemaker the cells of the pacemaker beat fastest and set the rate of beat for the entire organ the heartbeat is electrochemical in nature and can be measured with an instrument called the electrocardiograph this instrument amplifies very small electrical po potentials which are conducted through electrodes the electrical potentials are traced out by a moving dot on an oscilloscope screen dipping the electrodes in tap water in which the electrical potentials are extremely small demonstrates the delicate sensitivity of the electrocardiograph the writer of heart electricity though not standard procedure the electrodes may be placed directly on the heart a tracing called an electrocardiogram or ECG is recorded the ECG is a graphic record of the heart's electrical activity as it rhythmically contracts and relaxes to understand the work of the heart as it beats some idea of its interior structure is needed this is a schematic view of the organ as it is positioned in the body the heart is made up of four compartments or Chambers The upper chambers Atria receive blood from the body the lower Chambers ventricles eject blood into the body one-way valves separate Atria and ventricles a wall divides the four chambers into a double pump this ventricle and Atrium form the left pump this ventricle and Atrium the right pump the course of blood through the right pump when the atrium relaxes oxygen pour blood from the body flows from large veins into it the blood continues past this valve called the tricuspid and begins to fill the right ventricle with contraction blood in The ventricle is pushed back against the valve flaps these flaps Under Pressure snap shut sealing off The ventricle from The Atrium using a specially prepared heart the true action of the various valves can be observed here's the action of the tricuspid valve as the Heart Is Made to contract and relax note how the valve snap shut under the pressure of the backward flow of fluid with contraction blood trapped in the right ventricle is squeezed past another oneway valve the pulmonary into the pulmonary artery which leads to the lungs this valve opens during contraction closes during relaxation as blood in the pulmonary artery flows back against the flaps watch the complete right pump cycle again this time at a more normal speed through this action the right atrium and ventricle act to pump oxygen pour blood to the lungs blood from the lungs enters the left side of the heart by flowing from the pulmonary vein into the left atrium fresh supplies of oxygen give this Blood its bright red color flowing past this valve the mitol blood fills the left ventricle contraction begins the valve closes as blood in The ventricle is pushed back against it action of the mitol in the specially prepared heart and here a rarely photographed view of the mital valve in a living heart as the left ventricle continues to contract blood trapped in it is forced past another one-way valve and eject it into the aorta this large blood vessel branches to carry oxygen rich blood to every part of the body to sum up the action of the left pump sends oxygen rich blood to the body the action of the right pump sends oxygen poor blood to the lungs both pumps function together as a single unit the pumping of the heart is accompanied by two distinct sounds one when this pair of valves closes one when this pair closes the heart's pumping efficiency is directly related to how well its valves [Music] function for this reason listening to the heart with an instrument called the stethoscope is basic to any routine physical examination occasionally The Physician may hear a sound pattern that is not normal like this a heart murmur among the most common of heart diseases murmurs are due to valves that do not close properly usually this condition is not dangerous sometimes however as is the case with this mital valve the valve is so inefficient it must be replaced with an artificial valve this is one type of artificial valve designed to be placed within the human heart the ball moves back and forth in response to the flow of blood in recent years valve replacement has become a relatively routine safe operation because the beating of the heart is STO during surgery the aorta and major veins leading to the organ must be connected to a heart lung machine its major function is to take over temporarily the work of the heart and lungs and delivering oxygenated blood to the body now the heart may be open the diseased valve is exposed and removed the artificial valve is prepared for placement inside the heart carefully it is sewn into place for with the valve holder removed the efficiency of the device is checked the operation completed the heart is electrically stimulated into resuming its beat modern heart surgery including valve replacement is the result of relatively Recent research directed toward l lening the human lifespan further refinements and Innovations in cardiac repair perhaps leading to replacement of the pump of life itself is a major goal of continuing Research into the work of the heart studied many things here at the laboratory but for some time we've been engaged in our most important St life human life each new babe Born Into the world gives us a fresh glimpse into the wonders of God's creation here is living sculpture that changes with every passing hour Architects dream of perfection here is the ultimate in complete automation destruction repair breathing heartbeat everything fully automatic life is a precious and a wonderful thing and yet with all its importance it's amazing how little the average person knows about himself today almost any 10-year-old knows more about the family car and what makes it run than the average adult knows about himself and by the whatever you may happen to know about the family car will help you to understand your own body for there are many amazing similarities take a deep breath now exhale that was the intake and the exhaust of a 30 trillion cylinder motor you see there are some 30 trillion cells in the human body and each cell is like a tiny motor it burns fuel it requires oxygen to burn the fuel it gets hot and must be cool it gives off an exhaust gas and it performs work think of it a motor with 30 trillion cylinders and remember each of these tiny Motors must be continuously supplied day and night throughout your entire lifetime even an 8 cylinder motor gets pretty complicated we put the fuel in the gas tank the oil in the crank case the water water in the radiator the oxygen enters through the air intake and the exhaust comes out the exhaust pipe the electrical current for the spark travels through the ignition system there is a separate Supply system for each of these separate functions I suppose that the Creator could have provided a separate supply line to each cell in the body for each of these functions but he didn't instead he did something far more wonderful something an automotive engineer would say is absolutely impossible he combined them all in a single common system the bloodstream and the story of that red liquid which is set plunging through the arteries and veins of your body With Every Beat of your heart is the most amazing the most fabulous the most fantastic story in the physical Universe if it were possible for you to shrink to the size of a tiny microbe and then enter the bloodstream for a trip through the circulatory system you would find yourself caught up in a torrent of traffic that would by comparison make the busiest freeway look like a lonely desert road you would see the red cells performing their unbelievable chemical magic loads of sugar fat chemicals and minerals would be speeding from processing plants to delivery points throughout the body loads of refu and waste material would be in rot to salvage jards or disposal plants you would see skilled mechanics hurrying to replace worn out or damaged Parts in the cell Motors of the body you would see an amazing traffic control system with stop and go signals at every byway intersection all controlled by an electronic brain so that every pickup and delivery is made at the right place and at just the right time if however in shrinking to the size of a microb you turned out to be a harmful bacteria or even a suspicious character you'd never get into the bloodstream a ghostly giant would come out through the capillary wall without even making a hole and Gobble you up these Lively ghosts are the white cells or lucco sites they form an army of 35 billion police prepared to keep the peace or repel an invasion you're remember we said that each cell of the body is like a tiny motor and the food you eat provides the fuel to keep it running but it takes more than fuel to make a motor run did you know that the motor of your family car uses more than 9,000 gallons of air for every gallon of gasoline now the human body is very efficient in its use of oxygen but even so it requires at least 4 gallons of pure oxygen per hour just to keep your tiny Motors idling when your body is at rest but when we are active the demand can jump to 75 Gall or more of pure oxygen per hour this oxygen must be transported from the lungs to the tissue cells throughout the body the only possible way for oxygen to reach these cells is through the bloodstream and yet it was obvious that it couldn't possibly be carried as a gas that would be fatal if you inject air into the bloodstream a vapor lock develops the heart stops beating that's the reason why a physician is so careful to remove all of the air from a hypodermic surge before making an injection the answer to this riddle was discovered in the Wonder beautiful chemistry of the red blood cell the molecule of hemoglobin is the largest and most complex yet discovered in nature in each molecule there are 3,32 atoms of carbon 4,812 atoms of hydrogen and so on and then tucked away down here in the middle of this Atomic jungle are four little iron atoms atoms upon which your very life depends as the Red Cell passes to through your lungs it picks up a load of oxygen and converts it into a solid by an instantaneous rusting of these iron atoms but the process is also reversible your blood can unrust just as quickly when the oxygen reaches the cell that needs it it is changed back into a gas and delivered to the cell ready for use but on the return trip your blood isn't Loc it's performing another task that is just as vital and even more complex than carrying oxygen to the cell it is carrying the exhaust gas from the cell Motors of your body now we all know that the exhaust from an automobile is a dangerous thing but the exhaust from the tissue cells of your body can be just as deadly but the exhaust gas from the tissue cells is principally carbon dioxide it is a colorless odorless invisible tasteless gas this Beaker is filled with carbon dioxide gas the gas remains in the beaker because it's heavier than air and for the same reason it can be poured almost like a liquid the carbon dioxide extinguishes the candles very quickly and it could snuff out your life just as quickly if it weren't for another chemical Miracle performed by the bloodstream in many ways carbon dioxide is a more difficult substance than oxygen for the blood to handle Like Oxygen it must be converted from a gas into a solid but in addition it must have very special treatment to render it harmless in the bloodstream to keep it from poisoning the bloodstream now in one of the fastest reactions known to chemistry the carbon dioxide is snatched from the tissues of the body by the red blood cell and then hydrated to form carbonic acid but neither the Red Cell nor the bloodstream can tolerate this acid so it must be neutralized instantly for this purpose the blood has been storing up potassium the fastest acting acid fighter on the chemist shell this is a weak solution of carbonic acid after the acid is neutralized the Red Cell dumps it into the bloodstream where it combines with the salt and the plasma to form of all things ordinary baking soda in this safe and harmless form it is carried through the veins to the lungs but here another problem arises our lungs aren't equipped to Exhale baking soda so the red cell goes to work again in a split second it collects the stuff and puts it all back together again as carbon dioxide passes it through the capillary wall into the lungs and we exhale it into the air and remember it must do all of this quickly enough so that there is time left over for the Red Cell to pick up another load of oxygen and convert it into a solid before it reaches the end of a tiny capillary less than 150th of an inch in length to expect a red flood cell to do all of this is like asking a man to engrave The Lord's Prayer on the head of a pin as he passes that pin after being shot out of a Canon yes your life hangs by a very slender but by a very wonderful thread now of course the most publicized part of the circulatory system is the heart we can easily run out of suties in describing this fabulous little two-cylinder pump in the realm of efficient design it's in a class by itself each side of the heart has its own pair of valves the mitro valve resembles a parachute Del cords called cord a tendon are fastened to the edge of the valve and to the heart wall when the cusps billow out to close the opening the cords are just the right length to let the valve go closed but no further the aortic valve is of a different design three small cusps form Pockets around the inside of the artery wall we can learn a lot about the Heart by studying it in this fashion but there is Vital Information that can be obtained only by looking directly inside an actual human heart while it is beating that sounds impossible does it well until recently it has been impossible but here at the Moody Institute of science working in cooperation with the famous heart surgeon we have designed a means of viewing the heart under these exact conditions this is an actual human heart just a few hours hours ago it was pumping blood through the body of a living human being its owner willed his heart to Medical Science that we might study it and gain new knowledge of its living function knowledge that someday May save the lives of others the machine causes the heart to beat and to perform normally as a fluid pump just as it does in the body we have installed viewing ports over the valves so that we may study their action at close range this is the mitro valve of the left heart observe how rhythmically it opens and closes permitting the heart to fill and then hold firmly against the pressure as the fluid is expelled this is the same valve as it appears from inside the heart heart note the delicate Cordes that restrain the parachute likee cusps this is the aortic valve with its three semi luminer cusps sealing tightly against the return flow let's take a look at the underside of this same B with this machine we can study the heart under a variety of conditions we can increase or decrease the pulse rate by restricting the flow coming from the heart we can raise the blood pressure and then observe the action of the heart and valves just as they would function in a patient who has high blood pressure by restricting the flow entering the heart we can see what happens when low blood pressure is the problem if we restrict the flow sufficiently we can simulate the condition of a person in shock the heart is pumping quite well isn't yes but this heart has always worked well it served its owner for 85 years and during that time it beat 3 b400 million times and pumped enough blood to fill a good-sized lake all this without a single shutdown for repairs a pump fashioned of the finest Steel by the most skilled Craftsman could not begin to match the endurance of the human heart of course like any tissue of the body the heart is subject to its share of disease and injury a normal healthy heart can stand an enormous amount of work but disease can cause serious damage in recent years amazing techniques have been developed for actually making repairs on a human heart oh so far I haven't heard of anyone taking his heart in to have the Val ground but believe it or not damaged heart valves have been replaced with plastic valves just like this the valve is inserted in the descending aarta just above the heart this is an actual x-ray motion picture of such a valve that has been functioning in a patient for some time I hope that you never need an artificial valve in your heart but if you do you'll be glad to know that uh a plastic valve like this costs about $85 of course there's usually an installation charge and there should be for heart surgery is one of the most exacting and difficult of all professions trying to perform a delicate operation on a human heart while it is beating is much like trying to grind the valves or tighten the connecting rods on the motor of your car while it is running obviously the job would be much easier if the heart could be stopped during an operation a great deal of engineering and medical skill has been devoted to solving this problem a number of heart lung machines have been designed to take over the task of pumping the blood while repairs are being made on the heart one of the first really practical heart lung machines was designed by Dr Peter Salsbury renowned physiologist during an operation on the heart the heart is actually stopped and the Machine both pumps and breathes for the patient during the operation it is comforting to know that a damaged heart can be repaired today heart can even be transplanted and thus replaced but to those who have considered the heart the my iCal Wellspring of life it it is a bit confusing and somewhat disconcerting to find that the heart wonderful and amazing though it may be is just a pump a pump which for a time at least can be replaced by a machine have you ever wondered about the peculiar shape of the red blood cell someone has described it as a cross between a donut and a pancake now if you or I had been designing the red blood cell we probably would have made it spherical for a sphere is the simplest of all compact shapes and in many ways the most efficient it has much greater volume than the biconcave disc of the red blood cell it's the strongest of all shapes and it's the shape that would pass through the intricate Maze of the blood vessels with greatest ease but it has one fatal weakness it wouldn't work here at the laboratory we've made models of several po blood cells we've cut them so that we can observe their cross-section as they're immersed in a colored liquid and thus determine the rate at which the liquid is absorbed with the sphere absorption is rapid at first but near the center the process Slows To A Snail's Pace it is obvious that a spherical cell would be much too slow for the job of course the most obvious solution would be to flatten the sphere into a disc and in actual tests it is clear that this does solve the problem of Rapid absorption the disc has adequate speed but not enough volume the ideal red cell shape is one that would combine volume speed and durability now it isn't necessary for us to guess what this ideal shape should be it can be determined scientifically and mathematically starting with the laws of gas infusion and then applying the principles of advanced calculus it is possible to derive a formula that will give maximum volume with maximum speed in absorbing gases this is that formula it allows for all the variables we have just described the laws of gas infusion volume surface area and time the men here at the laboratory worked for several weeks with this formula to establish a relatively few points indicating the ideal shape these seem to coincide with the actual shape shape of the Red Cell but we needed more complete and reliable evidence so we submitted the problem to the applied science department of the international business machine Corporation Dr Edgar Smith IBM mathematician set up the problem for a solution on one of the giant research computers All That Remains is to push the right button and 10,000 things happen faster than we can describe and the answer to our problem appears on the oscilloscope screen this is the cross-sectional shape of the actual red blood cell and this is a photograph of the shape on the IBM research computer derived from the formula for an ideal red blood cell the fact fact that the red blood cell turns out to be the one perfect ideal shape demands an explanation and to me the only adequate explanation is intelligent design but the question arises whose intelligence is involved well one thing is certain it wasn't man's intelligence we had nothing to do with it but there it is the ideal perfect shape it would seem that if a man wants to believe in God he has just within the red blood cells of his body at least 30 trillion very good reasons for doing so in recent years there have been many wonderful things discovered concerning the human body and today for the young person who is choosing a career or planning a life of service the field should offer a tremendous Challenge and yet there are some who seem to feel that the age of medical discover Discovery is over that everything that could possibly be known about the human body is already known well of course it's true that the day of Harvey and liser and Pastor is gone but the Gold medical Discovery lies just ahead who will make these discoveries not the brilliant loer but rather the young person of today who is willing to dedicate himself to preparation for tomorrow one who's willing to study to learn from those who have gone before that someday he may with quiet confidence Venture into that vast unknown in the future one who is willing to approach the task with diligence with humility [Music] and imagine with this light crisp cereal you can get all the nourishment of oatmeal for this is post heart of oats and you ready to eat cereal that gives you the nourishment of oatmeal without the cooking just pour add milk and give your family the strength of oats with New post heart of Oats imagine with this light crisp 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