AV Geeks 16mm Lunch 7-26-2023

thank you hi everybody I'm skip bellsummer welcome to the AV lunchtime streaming show where I was just making some uh salad uh uh let's see so many things to do today got some 16 millimeter films to watch which is what we do while I'm eating lunch uh so behind me I have it on film scanner uh let's see what is it land use and misuse enjoy thank you foreign [Music] is the primary source of all the Earth's energy [Music] the oxygen we consume the food we eat the fuel we burn has all been produced by the sun's energy this production takes place at the surface of the Earth a surface we are rapidly changing foreign [Music] what happens to this desirable property when we remove its vegetation when it rains equal amounts of water fall on both sections of land for the same length of time foreign we see that a great deal of soil has been washed away on the cleared side very little on the covered side these heat lamps will simulate the sun we will continue the weather cycle drying out both sides let's repeat the rain cycle now the dry we continue to repeat this process representing the passage of many months a great deal of soil has been washed away rocks are exposed and water runs off rather than soaking into the ground the covered area has considerable underground water the cleared area has very little the plant roots draw some of the underground water up into the leaves the water evaporates into the air in this way one large tree can return about one thousand gallons of water per day to the atmosphere the sun heats the surface of the Earth and the moist air the warm air rises cools the moisture condenses and forms raindrops gravity Returns the drops to the earth and the cycle continues when rain falls in our man-made desert the water runs off into streams and rivers carrying soil with it little water is stored beneath the ground there is no vegetation to return the underground water to the atmosphere and continue the cycle does technology have an answer we can irrigate and replace nutrients washed from the soil by using a closed water cycle in this demonstration we can observe what happens to the water when soil additives are used there is a gradual buildup in the water of anything we continually add to the soil such as fertilizers DDT and other insecticides even the mineral salts present in our underground water supply are building up eventually the water supply itself becomes contaminated the result can be an ugly Wasteland loss of food crops loss of feed for domestic and wild animals and loss of water for the development of cities and Industry foreign between New Delhi and Karachi India man's misuse of land has created a wasteland the Rajasthan desert in 1500 BC this desert was an agricultural Empire however the normal vegetation was weakened by the increasing demands of a growing population on this area [Music] deserts in general are regions where the air is subsiding as the air sinks it moves to a level of higher pressure which compresses the air when air is compressed it warms and its capacity to hold moisture increases in the Rajasthan with the loss of its grass cover dust was carried by winds into the air dust in the atmosphere increases the subsidence of air the presence of the Dust inhibits rainfall since the source of dust is the desert itself the cycle becomes self-sustaining without the knowledge of how to control the cycle it remains a desert [Music] when the winds blow the property is anything but desirable this desirable property is being mismanaged some changes are past due there are about 34.3 billion acres of land on our Earth let's examine the 2.3 billion Acres that make up the United States 58 of the United States is used for crop and livestock production 22 percent is ungrazed Forest land 12 percent is Desert swamp or Tundra five percent is wildlife refuges and Parks three percent is taken up by our cities and towns in the United States we have altered the surface of over 60 percent of our land in changing the land we are changing the complex biological systems of the soil and the plants and the animals each year about 700 square miles of land are consumed by expanding urban areas what happens to the temperature of the surface land and the atmosphere when we replace vegetation with hard soil the temperature of the cleared area is 24 degrees Centigrade two degrees lower than the vegetation area the air temperature is 28 degrees Centigrade over the cleared area two degrees higher than over the vegetation area the light meter indicates that the same amount of light is shining on both areas is the same amount of light reflected back from both areas the light meter indicates that the cleared area reflects back much more light than the growth area the reflective characteristics of the Earth's surface are called the Earth's Albedo these surface characteristics are a factor in determining the temperature and climate of a specific area if we increase the Albedo the reflective characteristics we tend to lower the surface temperature densely build up areas like cities reflect more heat energy back to the atmosphere much more than forests or grass-covered fields which absorb the heat energy from the Sun man-made deserts have high reflective characteristics Highway systems may also increase the Earth's average surface Albedo if we calculate the difference between the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth and the amount reflected back into space we find that in one year one square meter of vegetation absorbs about 68 Watts 365 square meters would absorb enough energy to light one 68 watt light bulb year round most of the absorbed energy is used to evaporate water heat the atmosphere and drive our weather system of winds and rain less than one percent of the energy is used in photosynthesis this one percent is responsible for our food fuels and fibers when we increase the Albedo of the Earth's surface less solar energy is absorbed more is reflected back to space a decrease of a few tenths of one percent in global radiation balance might produce a radical change of climate perhaps another Ice Age the net effect of all the man-made influences on climate is not known increased exhaust emissions May raise the Earth's surface temperature jet trails May lower it cities create islands of heat warmer than the surrounding Countryside misuse of land can produce man-made deserts thoughtless use can produce man-made eyesores [Music] misuse of land is becoming one of the most serious and difficult challenges to Environmental Quality a bay filled in remains filled a virgin Forest cut is gone what price and inadequate sewage system land use is still not Guided by any agreed-upon standards it is instead the result of competing overlapping government agencies and programs private and public desires and prejudices and economic incentives this desirable property produces the food we eat the oxygen we breathe and the environment we hope to enjoy it is a limited resource we should manage it well sorry about that but it's not new information um let's learn about glass from the old to the new through research circa 1950 something enjoy [Music] thank you [Music] industry today is shattering records for productivity in all kinds of Industry as for example in glass making immense quantities of raw materials are transformed into Goods for the market here raw materials are fed into a glass furnace processing these materials requires specially designed equipment and mass production techniques partly these develop out of Ingenuity and chance and partly outermentation the results are products for the home like the glassware being made air and products for other aspects of modern living since a high rate of industrial productivity benefits Everyone by providing better products at less cost it is important for Layman as well as industrialists to understand what makes such production possible basic to this understanding is a knowledge of industrial organization each company is directed by a team of experts the leaders of different specialized departments each department has a particular contribution to make to the work of the company it represents for example the production Department relies upon man and machines to turn out finished products for the sales department to sell in addition to production and sales a purchasing department buys necessary raw materials parts and machines and a financial department accounts for and finances all purchases it also takes an engineering department to design and test equipment intended to increase the daily output of each worker and decrease drudgery but newest of all the Departments to gain a position of eminence in industry is research research is responsible for getting reliable answers to problems that affect the technology underlying production setting up experiments and intelligently interpreting the data revealed by these experiments is an important part of this research which leads to improvements in Old products development of new products and reduced costs for consumers Industrial Research concentrates on discovering facts that can be applied products of research are commonplace they could be pictured in many different settings but because of the universal use of glass products the glass industry is selected as background for this story of progress Glass and its many different forms provides one of the most versatile substances ever devised by men in the home it takes such different forms as Windows draperies decorations and tableware while one of the Common forms is molded glass molding processes are used to make bottles and hundreds of varieties of glass containers to package Goods for the market [Music] flat glass window panes and plate glass are forms known to everyone glass is made into corrugated panels covers to protect delicate instruments blocks for construction acoustic tiles to deaden sound picture tubes for television sets glass can be made into panels containing electrical resistance wires that radiate heat whatever the kind of glass each is adapted to some special use some kinds are cheaply useful in the home others serve industry or the professions the properties of each kind depend upon its ingredients glass Through the Ages and until 1880 usually consisted of sand soda ash and Limestone mixtures that go into modern glass contain additional substances each is added to produce some special quality not attained by glass Craftsmen of the past besides changes in mixtures improvements have been made in the machines for making glass Ingenuity and luck have helped develop some of the modern techniques and machines but today it takes more than Ingenuity and luck to satisfy man's increasing desires for example here's a tumbler it looks perfect but let's test it one successful test that has been devised employs polarized light look for strains in the glass they show up as dark areas undesirable strains could lead to early breakage but when the Tumblers are annealed by slow cooling these strains disappear this Superior product is the result of experimental work all systematic investigations of glass are relatively recent Auto shot a German chemist is often considered the first man ever to initiate a systematic program of research in glass shots experiments were planned to improve the mixtures used to make lenses about 1880 he began his work he added different oxides to the customary formulas of sand soda ash potash and lime his work led to improved kinds of glass some of his glasses together with others developed by his successors make possible the high degree of perfection in modern Optical equipment used to provide sharp visual images during shots long life and through the intervening years research has repeatedly demonstrated its importance all of the fundamentally new uses for glass as well as many of the improvements in the old have resulted from research today specialists in research continue to study the effects of new materials and procedures here is one such specialist like most of the younger technologists he has a degree in science his knowledge of glass developed in college like other students he included field trips in his training a special interest led him to make most of his trips to Glass factories such as a flat glass plant this is where window glass is made raw materials are received by the car loan sand soda ash lime and other raw materials are measured into batches to be melted huge containers transport the mixtures to the furnaces periodically a batch of raw materials is added to the other tons already being melted large furnace like this may hold several hundred tons at one time heat released by burning gas this is a temperature of about 2700 degrees Fahrenheit the heat transforms the mixture from its solid form into a molten sticky mess the molten glass moves from the furnace as a continuous ribbon knurled rolls maintain the proper thickness of this ribbon-like sheet after passing through a cooling tunnel the sheet is cut into sections these sections to be used in windows are clearer and better than ever before difficult to imagine how life would be without this product almost everyone has need for window glass plate glass another important kind of flat glass is made from special mixtures of raw materials the materials are melted in a massive Crucible once the melting temperature is reached the batch is ready for pouring the molten glass passes through rollers and forms a plate unfinished plates are sometimes called blanks as soon as they have cooled the blanks are ready for finishing to simplify lifting and handling the large heavy plates glassmakers use equipment fitted with specially designed suction cups finishing means grinding and polishing these processes remove any roughness on the surfaces of the rolled plate after the final polishing the surfaces are so flat that each is almost a perfect plane these plates are thicker than ordinary window glass and permit Vision with very little distortion production methods for plate glass have been improved so greatly in this Century that it is now available at relatively low cost much plate glass is used to make automobile windows containers such as bottles are another type of product in use for centuries of course the glass makers of a hundred years ago never saw containers like these [Music] making glass containers such as bottles is one of the most economically important branches of the entire industry bottles are made by blowing as they were in the days of glass floors but the quality of glass bottles has been greatly improved and the methods of production highly develops today containers are not only better than ever before but they are produced at rates that would a stone glassmakers of even half a century ago virtually every home or Market in the world has use for some examples of the container Industries products in some Modern factories glassblowers still practice their ancient art no amount of systematic research or Ingenuity has yet devised machines and procedures for making certain types of glassware glass blowers follow techniques handed down by generations of their predecessors precision and craftsmanship result from long years of experience here a volumetric flask is being blown by using a blow mold glass blowers make equipment like this flask for the Laboratories of science but like any hand operation their output is limited wherever possible machine production replaces this colorful art much of the laboratory wear of today is made by modern high-speed mechanical means even tools like these are changed as experiments reveal ways of doing the work more efficiently marking products like graduated cylinders requires Precision machinery the manufacturers of laboratory wear continually search for improvements such as glassware with greater resistance to shock new mixtures of raw materials improved manufacturing procedures and refinements in testing apparatus contribute to more perfect products most glass products have benefited from research but some are direct results of research such as glass blocks roadblocks of glass were made as far back as the days of early Rome but such early counterparts could not compare with the quality of glass blocks today mass production of modern blocks is the outcome of a systematic research program begun in the early 1930s the program was planned to perfect mixtures and develop procedures for high-speed efficient production of blocks with unique properties [Music] glass blocks have opened up new uses for glass and helped make glass competitive with some of the other common construction materials this competition favors the consumer because it offers him a greater variety of materials to select from and leads to lowered prices it's an example of more and better products or less money an important contribution to a high standard of living [Music] glass fibers like glass blocks have been known for centuries but were merely Curiosities until recently to make fibers the melted glass is formed into marbles after inspection the marbles are conveyed into an electric furnace each marble will make more than a hundred miles of fibers fibers can be made from these marbles that are much finer than a human hair transformation into fibers for textiles depends upon molten glass flowing through fine holes in a platinum trough textiles like this drapery can be manufactured from fibers of glass such textiles resist many of the hazards that can destroy ordinary Fabrics the raw materials of glass can be made into other kinds of fiber products without going through a marble stage this is glass wool fibers of glass wool have many valuable properties these fibers will neither shrink nor stretch and they will not burn rot or rust the fibers can be sandwiched between layers of heavy paper to form blankets like these each blanket provides insulation that will block or reduce the transfer of heat it can provide insulation for a building to help keep the interior cooler in summer and warmer in winter to insulate buildings the paper-covered blankets are tacked between wall or roof supports compressed more firmly and treated with a special binding material glass fibers are made into a pre-formed kind of insulating board for such uses as roof and cool storage container insulation other types of fiber wool bats are used as insulation in appliances designed either to exclude or retain heat treat it in other ways fibers of glass can be made into insulation that deadens sound from automobile or aircraft engines retainer mats and separators for storage batteries pre-formed coverings for pipes and filters for air conditioning and forced warm air heating systems and here is a special use this is a bulletproof vest which contains for its armor plastic sheets reinforced with glass fibers vests like this have saved many fighting men from vital injury and combat in these and other ways research helps lead from the old to the new in glass by developing better products for modern living the Practical value of research in glass is demonstrated in many settings for example improved Optical glass has meant improved spectacles and improved spectacles mean greater enjoyment while reading driving or using our eyes in other ways Optical glass makes possible to find lenses of cameras more perfect lenses for microscopes contribute to the development of virtually all the Sciences the microscope reveals objects too small to be seen by the eye alone such as this reproductive action of a one-celled animal nearly all aspects of biology have profited by the use of optical glass there is always the challenge of problems yet unsolved for example who will discover a cheap method of extracting aluminum from clay an ordinary clay brick contains about a half a pound of aluminum but no one knows how to extract it economically or who will learn to harness the power of the Waves extract more of the valuable elements in seawater or use energy directly from the Sun who will be first to conquer outer space who will be the next to convert some glass mixture into a new and unique product for the market progress in glass as an industry generally becomes increasingly dependent upon research the results of systematic experimentation may not often be as spectacular as in this production of electric lamp bulbs inevitably research leads to more products at less cost to serve the needs of more people industry is learning to use research effectively and is thereby helping raise our standard of living today men and women are working to solve many different problems their success will influence our future the achievements being made in glass and in all other Industries are sure for Industrial Research a role of increasing importance in furthering industrial progress and the welfare of our society [Music] glass for the future glass that's pretty great a beautiful assembly line footage in there um so again I have I have a film set up on the scanner what is it next it's boiling point and pressure enjoy foreign has run low on gas before most likely you've had to gas up a car at least once gasoline is a part of our everyday lives and what goes into making gasoline is a part of physical science and you [Music] foreign [Music] let's talk about boiling point and pressure and how the manufacturers of gasoline are concerned with it every day this is one definition of boiling point and pressure boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere on the liquid vapor pressure is related to the amount of kinetic energy within the liquid molecules before we find out why people who make gasoline would be concerned with boiling point and pressure let's take a look at an experiment showing how pressure affects the temperature at which water boils water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level you can see our barometer reads 29.9 inches of mercury and the water is boiling at 100 degrees Celsius let's look at a model of the water being heated the blower represents the heat being applied to the water the moving particles represent Steam and the two red balls represent Air at atmospheric pressure as we turn up the blower it represents a rise in temperature which increases the evaporation rate the steam detector measures the evaporation rate the meter moves erratically between 20 and 30. this will represent the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure we will Mark that point which will calibrate our device and we'll label it 100 degrees Celsius now let's go back to the real boiling water we're going to reduce the atmosphere over the surface of the boiling water by removing the air with a vacuum pump all of the water vapor coming off the pot is trapped in a chemical that absorbs water the meter readings on the pot indicate that we have reduced the atmospheric pressure by 5 inches of mercury the temperature of the boiling water is now 95 degrees Celsius back at our model notice that one red ball is in position over the water symbolizing the reduced atmospheric pressure due to the vacuum pump the blower frequency is adjusted so the meter readings are again between 20 and 30. note the position of the dial is at a lower setting representing the lower temperature required for boiling let's see what happens if we increase the atmospheric pressure over the boiling water first we'll remove the vacuum pump and replace it with a small glass nozzle the nozzle restricts the immediate release of the steam over the liquid this tends to raise the pressure of the vapor over the liquid in a quasi-confined space the boiling point is now 105 degrees Celsius in our model we now have three red balls over the water to symbolize the increase in atmospheric pressure caused by the glass nozzle we again adjust the blower to the same readings between 20 and 30. but this time we have to increase the dial setting which represents the higher temperature required for the water to boil the pressure at 105 degrees Celsius can be estimated at 35 inches of mercury foreign let's relate these experiments to gasoline gasoline is refined from crude oil which is recovered from oil bearing formations beneath the earth's surface the crude oil is distilled and chemically modified to yield a large number of products distillation of crude oil is accomplished in a tall device called a fractionating tower the crude oil is vaporized by Heating in the furnace the heated oil is pumped into the fractionating tower once there portions of the crude oil vapor form liquids which collect on trays in the tower the hydrocarbons in the oil that are most volatile or have the lowest boiling point go farthest up the tower before condensing to form liquids the trays upon which the liquids condense are arranged so that the heated Vapors bubble up through the liquid in the trays this gives an efficient separation of the crude oil into fractions based upon the temperatures at which the hydrocarbons boil the refined products are pumped into large tanks as either a final product or stored for further refining let's see some more examples of things concerned with boiling point this dry cleaning machine depends on distillation to reclaim and clean the expensive dry cleaning fluids so it can be used over again the dirty fluid is heated to its boiling point this turns it into a gas which is condensed back into a liquid and stored when all of the fluid has been boiled away the only thing left in the boiler is the dirt and soot that the fluid absorbed the household pressure cooker also utilizes boiling point and pressure as the evaporating vapor builds up under the lid of the pressure cooker pressure upon the surface of the liquid is increased which prevents boiling this raises the boiling point of the water The increased temperature of the boiling water Cooks the food faster conversely if the pressure over the water is reduced the temperature at which boiling takes place is reduced what do you think would happen if pressure is reduced to the point of a vacuum this causes special problems for the United States Space Program the NASA astronauts must use special spacesuits to protect themselves from the extremely hostile environment they work in space is a vacuum and our experiments showed how less pressure means less heat is required for boiling so liquids would boil instantly in outer space the external pressure is so low that a liquid propellant battery fluid or human body fluid exposed to it would boil without the suit the astronaut's blood would boil instantly boiling is actually evaporation taking place beneath the surface of a liquid it forms bubbles of gas which are avoid to the surface where they escape the speed of the molecules forming gas must be great enough to exert as much pressure within the bubble as the atmosphere and water above exert therefore boiling depends not only on temperature but on pressure as well more surface pressure means more heat will be required to boil less surface pressure means less heat will be required to boil let's take a look at our experiment again energy must be supplied for boiling to continue this energy is absorbed by the liquid as it becomes a vapor the energy promotes the conversion of molecules from the liquid to the gas phase spacing between the gas molecules is greater than that between water molecules here we reduce the atmosphere over the surface of the boiling water thank you foreign notice that one red ball is in position over the water symbolizing the reduced atmospheric pressure now we increase the atmospheric pressure over the boiling water three red balls symbolize the increase in atmospheric pressure the boiling point of glycerol is 290 degrees Centigrade at standard atmospheric pressure of 29.9 inches of mercury if we boil this liquid in the same experiment instead of water the temperatures would be different but the results would be similar remember crude oil is made up of many different chemical Parts each of these parts has a different boiling point during fractional distillation how does the temperature vary as the crude oil travels up the tower let's review that definition again boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere on the liquid after seeing the examples and how they relate to boiling point and pressure the definition seems to make more sense now so the next time you fill up with gas think about how boiling point and pressure affect us we're exposed to physical science laws every day and don't realize it try to see what these laws mean to us as we introduce you to the physical sciences a little dry Let's uh how about some fire scarecrow thank you so what makes fires huh what makes fire wait here match it matches make fire oh wait here bigger red lighters make fires wow but I don't want a fire to start then leave these alone don't play with matches stay away from these okay but what if a fire just starts by accident or something if a fire starts you leave get out of the house quickly look down there penny yeah hey Annie I know all about fire I learned it in school that's good see I'll be right down [Music] hey Annie guess what I learned in school all about fires and now that I know I can tell you that's nice so I'm going to tell you now listen this is it [Music] now suppose you smell smoke in the house you smell smoke right you smell well then guess what you have to do well what do you do well first you gotta look all around see where the Smoke's coming from you understand yeah maybe it's coming from that door over there the kitchen no sure it could be then you go carefully over to the door and feel it feel the door yeah you feel it to see if it's hot if it's hot don't open it huh all right uh well if it's not hot what do you do well then you can open it but just a bit just an inch you can open it and see what's inside oh okay see if you see fire you got to close it I See Fire there so you gotta close it do you understand okay you close it then when well then you gotta find another way out maybe a window or another door yeah that's bigger you'd probably go out that door yeah yeah come on let's go you gotta come too you know oh For Heaven's Sake all right I'll come come on let's go but wait suppose there's a lot of smoke foreign you get a lot of coffee rise up cool fresh air is down near the floor so you get down and you crawl out I crawl out yeah it's not hard come on try we just crawl out like this see wait a minute I forgot my book no you can't go after anything you gotta just get out as fast as you can come on now come on no for having sex see if that's gonna get out all right so I crawled out the door then what well then you gotta go find someone and tell them to call the fire department you got to tell them your name and where you live and you tell them that there's a fire down here right yeah that's it can you remember sure I can remember come on Donna all right I'll be right down yeah come on down okay that's all I gotta tell you good I'm gonna read my book okay I'm gonna play okay [Music] hey hey I smell smoke oh yeah we played that already but but I really smell smoke I really do well if you really maybe there's a real fire fire oh my gosh what am I gonna do if there's a real fire well we do what you said first we gotta look to see where it's coming from hey it's over here I go over Dawn open it okay I'm just gonna touch it right yes it's hot then don't open it we'll find another way out right up this way we'll have to go out the kitchen door okay no no wait remember that there's going to be cool air down here so come on down we're gonna crawl up well that's right hey wait a minute I left my truck over there no no don't go back for anything that's what you said come on get down and we'll crawl out as fast as we can come on okay okay now we're out what happened what happened um what may I ask is a dear little cupcake like you're doing with nasty old school books my dear child we haven't had school or books and ages no school really why don't you get rid of that school book you can drop them in here it'll get all bound up in there well of course it will dear child and so it's your books tamper with man's basic natural ignorance now what could be worse than that but I can't find this book it's full property nonsense apple sugar [Music] need to get into this books are not where it's at teaching you how to spell cat I know you'd rather play so why don't you throw on your book's way [Music] learning [Music] see the place going higher burning books is our hearts desires [Music] books will not make you wise and read he's bad for your eyes I am sure you agree so why don't you give all your books to me [Music] to learn [Music] thank you books can only confused teaching you things you can do you should listen to me burning your books will set your mind free [Music] [Applause] [Music] damn [Music] [Music] [Applause] no stop no stop uh yeah we don't know what happened to those crocheted puppets who were caught in the midst of a uh Ablaze [Music] um I might have another copy of the film I I don't know I have to look and see like yeah I'm I'm kind of wondering what happened um but it's possible that they are Ash and a pile of uh melted synthetic yarn uh that's totally possible uh that last thing of course was from a magnificent major which is something that we show whenever we watch a film about books reading fires or when I just feel like I want to see some awesome disco from the 70s featuring Tisha Campbell um it always makes me feel good uh and inadvertently I showed a bunch of stuff about fire pressure manufacturing uh that was not intentional it's just kind of what kind of popped up so there you go that's the way it is here at AV Geeks thanks for tuning in uh very much appreciate your comments uh please hit the Thumbs Up Button you know even if you've done it recently it's a great way to tell the YouTube overlords who now have a an installed uh device in my house to keep an eye on me um to uh you know doing the thumbs up or the Subscribe make sure that this does not turn on me and um take my life at some point um you can also uh donate via KO Dash fi.com AV Geeks give us some coffee or uh patreon.com avgeeks and that allows us to uh uh buy books like puppet stuff and other stuff um uh I'm doing research for the upcoming Saturday morning Dinah show which features Croft uh super superstar or Croft shows and uh we're recording Lidsville but I don't know when it's gonna air but Lidsville is an outrageous um show with a hidden drug implications perhaps I don't know uh anyways thanks for tuning in and we'll be back again tomorrow what is tomorrow Thursday holy cow burned through this week anyways we'll see you soon everybody take care bye