AV Geeks 16mm Lunch 7-17-2025

Hello everybody. This is Skip Alzheimer. Welcome to the AV Geeks lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16mimeter films. And these were some uh home movies that were donated to us by someone in Charlotte who found them, I think, in an estate sale. And um at first I thought, oh, 1928 World's Fair. Then I realized no world's tour. So it is um some rich people traveling the globe and uh some great stuff in there. Um early 20 or late 20s stuff. It's kind of interesting. Um let's see. Let's get back to stuff that you know. our good friend at Coronet. Um, somebody pointed out the other day that these crowns are really just Coronet crowns. U, the crowns that are showing up in the, uh, chat. Um, that's a nice positive way to spin what is an annoying thing that YouTube has done. Uh, and if you don't like to have a crown next to your name because this is gifying, uh, you're engaging with me. Excuse me. Um you can click on the crown and then you can uh uh basically don't participate in the leaderboard and that will turn it off. Uh I can't turn it off on my side but you know life. All right. So here is earth its structure. Enjoy. [Music] Earth, the planet on which we live, is the home of almost three billion human beings. Scientists have traced the record of mankind on this planet back about 2 million years. But this earth of ours and the other planets of the solar system are much older than 2 million years. How did the earth and solar system come into being? One theory is that several billion years ago, the universe consisted of many masses of cosmic gases and dust. One of these masses became our solar system. Due to gravity, the matter in this mass began to collect and rotate. Pressure and temperature grew higher and higher until the mass burst into white hot brilliance. Through millions of years, the white hot matter whirled. The nucleus or central portion coalesed and great spiral arms of dust and gases were left behind. The material in these arms rotated around the nucleus. At the same time, gravity caused the particles in these smaller masses to group together. Scientists believe that the extremely hot nucleus became the sun while the other groupings of matter became the planets. The matter that became earth was in a state of white hot heat probably because of radioactivity. For several billion years the earth remained white hot. Then gradually it began to cool and give off a variety of gases which were to become our atmosphere. Sometime during the earth's cooling process, storm clouds similar to those we know developed. These storm clouds produced great torrents of rain which speeded the cooling process. But much of the earth was still molten. As centuries passed, however, these materials slowly lost their heat. In some places, great masses of rock were formed where lighter matter floated to the surface, cooled, and solidified. The building up of rock mounds in certain areas left huge depressions in others. These depressions were gradually filled by the waters of the great rains. Thus were formed the major surface features of our planet. Large bodies of water and great land masses. Evidence about the Earth's interior is gathered in many ways. Some of this information indicates that the heat of the Earth increases about 16° F with each,000 ft below the surface. If this increase were constant, then at a depth of about 160,000 ft, approximately 30 mi, the melting point of rocks would be reached. However, enormous pressures at this depth keep the rock in a semi-olid state. This means that our earth is simply a thin crust of rock on top of a semi-olid interior. Much as this sheet of modeled paraffin floats on top of the water in this tank. Scientists called seismologists have given us other reasons for believing this theory. Much of their work is done with machines like this called seismographs. Through work with the seismograph, scientists have established this picture of the earth in cross-section. Generally, there are three main regions. The outer region or crust about 20 mi deep and consisting of solidified rock. The mantle of two layers continuing to 1,800 m deep and consisting of semi-olid rock. and the core. Scientists are fairly certain that the core consists of heavy metals such as iron and nickel in an almost molten state under great pressure. Why heavy metals? This simple demonstration may show us in this beaker of oil are two materials of different weight. We stir the mixture. This represents the earth in a molten state. The heavier materials such as iron filings settle out first. They are followed by the somewhat lighter materials such as sand. It is believed that in much the same way the heavier molten metals were drawn to the core of the earth by gravity. Though much of our knowledge about the core and mantle is based on theories, we do have specific information about the crust of the earth. We know about the mineral elements of the crust and how the crust has been modified into various land forms. And we know that land forms are made up of three kinds of rock. Here are samples of the three kinds of rock found in the earth's crust. ignous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. At first, all rocks on Earth were ignous. Common ignous rocks are granite and basaltt. Ignous rocks such as this cliff of granite or this one of basaltt are formed by the cooling of molten rock. Ignous rock is a basis for sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone. Limestone and other sedimentary rocks are made up of small particles of rock which have become cemented together under extreme pressure. Like sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks may be formed from ignous rock. Among the more common metamorphic rocks are marble, nice and quartzite. Metamorphic rocks such as quartzite were once ignous or sedimentary rocks, but they have been changed by heat or pressure. These three kinds of rock then metamorphic, sedimentary and ignous make up the earth's crust. Mountains and mountainous lands are often composed of granite and ignous rock. That is molten rock that cooled and solidified. Some mountains called volcanoes are also solidified ignous rock. This rock has been built up by the action of volcano. Sometimes pressure on this molten rock builds up and the liquid rock is forced or squirted into an opening or fissure and comes to the surface. In time, this molten rock will solidify to become ignous rock. Running water is chief among the natural forces that attack ignous as well as other rocks. Water tends to wear away particles of these rocks and carry the particles away. These particles tend to settle out of the water as we see in this sandbar. If this material were subjected to intense pressure, it would become sedimentary rock. In the Grand Canyon is a vast collection of sedimentary rocks. These rocks have been exposed by waters of the Colorado River as it cut deeper and deeper into its canyon. Each of the sedimentary rock layers of the canyon represents an accumulation of billions of fine particles of rocks which settled out of the water. Some sediments were deposited by wind rather than water and became sedimentary rock. We know that certain forces within the earth such as heat and pressure can change sedimentary and ignous rock. Marble, for example, is a metamorphic rock. Long ago, sedimentary rock was changed by heat and pressure into this marble. Across this great home of ours, the earth, the land, and the floors of the oceans are composed of one or more of the three kinds of rock. Scientists using specialized equipment have given us theories about the interior of the earth and its structure. Other scientists have given us theories attempting to explain the formation of the earth and the great changes that have taken place in its long history. Scientists are continuing their work today, mapping the surface of the Earth, its oceans and continents, and exploring and gathering information about what lies below the relatively thin crust of our planet. Through their work, we may in future years know more about our Earth and its structure. [Music] straight up geology. Um, yeah, they I don't think it gets more interesting. Although I feel like there was some science rock ones that were pretty great about the um the different layers and then that film how to drill a hole to the dig a hole to the other side of the earth. I thought that was a pretty interesting treatment on how to talk about the the different layers um geologic layers. Uh let's learn about this uh family in France. Enjoy. [Music] The morning mist over Paris is clearing under the summer sun in this old residential section. [Applause] Like many other Parisians, the Pion family looked forward all year long to their summer vacation, which they usually spend at the family farm in Normandy. That's where Msieur Bion was born and where Pierre Claude and Mama will spend the next few weeks with Grompair and Gro Bion. Uncle Juul is taking them in his taxi. It'll save train fair and they'll share the gas bill. Mabri thinks that Uncle Juul is lucky to own his own taxi and be able to take a day off now and then and go for a drive in the country. Ms. Bion cannot go. His handbag shop is a one-man business. He makes and sells his own merchandise. He works hard to keep up with his customers needs. But hard as he works, he never seems to catch up. He never has time for a vacation. [Music] Uncle Jer is taking his sister and nephews the long way out of town, for he knows that the pons rarely take time for sightseeing. [Music] The route takes them past many famous landmarks along the same. Past the Cathedral of Notradam, then across the Plast Deopra and past many historic buildings to one of the largest squares in the world, the Plast de la Concord. From there, Uncle Juul turns his car into the wide avenue called Leon Zel, which leads to the Arct Triumph and out of Paris. As Clo's road map shows, Normandy is a region in northwestern France on the English Channel. The coast of Normandy is part of the 1600 miles of French coastline. Because of the influence of the warm ocean currents, France has an extremely mild, humid climate, favoring a great variety of crops in the rich soil. France is divided into five great agricultural basins, each watered by a river. These rivers and their connecting canals provide cheap inland transportation. The road to Normandy takes the bons through the Parisian basin where the principal crop is wheat for the bread that is a basic food for all Frenchmen. As he drives along, Uncle Juul tells Claude about the many towns and villages. He knows every bend in the road and many farmers in this region. Most of the land in France is owned by small farmers and so the countryside is dotted with farmhouses and small farm communities. The time passes quickly and soon they arrive at the gate of the old family farm. Many generations of pions have been born and reared in this solid farmhouse. Grand and Gro have been waiting impatiently for their visitors. And although it's only a few hours by train or car to Paris, they have been to the city only twice. And then they thought it too noisy and confusing. According to tradition, kisses are exchanged on both cheeks. Grump hair is surprised at how Claude has grown since last summer. Most French farms are occupied and worked by their owners. A farmer like Rampere Bion considers himself only the guardian and trustee of the family land and keeps it up diligently for the next generation. By careful fertilization, crop rotation and intensive cultivation, productivity is high. Glampair is justly proud of his fruit trees, his vegetables, his fat cattle, and his flocks of geese and chickens. and Groair. She takes pride in her preserves made from homegrown fruit, her butter and cheese for which Normandy is famous throughout France and indeed the world. Part of her day is spent in planning the meals. This mackerel was caught fresh this morning off the nearby coast. So nearby, you can smell the salt spray in the air. The salt spray that the wind carries in land from the neighboring fishing village. Just like the farmers, Norman fishermen follow the calling of their forefathers. Herring and macro fishing is a hazardous occupation, and many have lost their lives in the stormy Atlantic. These people are a hardy folk, descendants of the Vikings of old. Their seaf fairing tradition has endured. Today there are French ships and sailors in all the ports of call throughout the world. Here is one of them. Uncle Jacqu Pion, second officer on the freighter South Wind, which takes passengers and goods from Sherbour to Tunis to Madagascar, Tahiti, New Calonia, and on the way back makes stops in many ports of the French possessions overseas. Jacques, home on leave, tells his nephew Claude of a typhoon his ship encountered in the Indian Ocean, but they got through safely with their cargo of rubber, copra, and cocoa for the markets of France. Although France is more nearly self-sufficient than any other European nation in most of the things Frenchmen eat, drink, and wear, no country is completely self-sufficient anymore. Today, the prosperity of France depends on foreign trade with her Commonwealth and the rest of the world. Like Uncle Jacques, some Frenchmen make their living from shipping, especially in the great port cities like Sherbour and Laav, which are ports of embarcation to and from America or Ma, the great Mediterranean port city. But in spite of the far-flung foreign trade of France, few Frenchmen travel, and even fewer migrate. Why? Probably Grandpair Bion would answer that love of the land and the sense of vocation are deep in the nature of a Frenchman. Whether he is a Norman farmer, a skilled craftsman like Mio Bion, an expert mechanic like his son Pierre, or a tapestry weaver in the Goblamp plant. Each takes pride in his work. Over the years, the label made in France has spread the prestige of French workmanship and taste throughout the world. Many skills like French cooking are passed down from one generation to the next. And whether it's a famous Paris hotel or a small well-known inn along the good roads of France, cooking is an art. An art that is taken seriously. Every province has its specialties. [Music] Wherever Frenchmen live, wine is a traditional part of the daily diet. And in several provinces, wine growing is so important that their names have become synonymous with their wines. Anju, Burgon, cognac, champag, and so on. Born and reared in a historic setting, Frenchmen are deeply conscious of tradition. Surrounded by works of art, Frenchmen appreciate beauty. France has long been the refuge of artists from many lands. The people of France live close to the great monuments of medieval faith. Indeed, religion and community life are inseparable in France. While church and state are separated and religious freedom rigorously observed, the Roman Catholic Church exerts a powerful influence. Msure Lure is a friend and adviser to the villagers. Feast days are of religious character. They provide a welcome change from the quiet village life. But France, the country of farmers, shopkeepers, fishermen, and craftsmen, is also an industrial nation. More and more people work in factories and mines, and France needs more men to mine their natural resources, more hands for industry, more hands for farms, more hands than there are in France. Therefore, workers are brought in from Italy, Yugoslavia, and other countries to man the expanding industries of France. Three wars in less than a hundred years have taken a heavy toll on French manpower. A loss commemorated by the eternal flame under the arct triumph in Paris. The French population does not increase as rapidly as that of other European countries and Germany's expanding production and power are a continual source of anxiety to Frenchmen. The formation of an international authority under which steel should be made with French coal and German iron appeared as the first sign of cooperation instead of competition between France and Germany. But if France's traditional rival is across the Rine, her traditional friend lies across the wide Atlantic. This friendship is old and deep. France helped America to achieve independence. The Statue of Liberty, a gift from the people of France, symbolizes this friendship. And so does Omaha Beach, where American troops landed June 6th, 1944 to begin the second liberation of France from German occupation within a generation. [Music] Now, Uncle Jacques's leave is up. He's off to make the rounds of the seapports of the world once again. And Pierre's vacation draws to a close. [Music] The old folks insist upon sending the family back loaded with fresh food from the farm. Grand Pierre Bion advises Clode to study hard. He may even become a professor, which would be a great honor for the Bion family. But Clode hasn't decided what he wants to be. Perhaps an artist, perhaps a mechanic like his brother Pierre, or a ship's officer like his uncle Jacques, a member of the Guard Republican, or even the president of the French Republic. Floyd and his other schoolmates will have the opportunity to become any of these. For France is a true democracy where a boy's youthful dream may come true. Pretty great. Um I think Milan Herzog maybe did it. Uh Milan being a um Crowat filmmaker who ended up in the United States and started doing educational films for EV. Um so yeah, there's a there's definitely an interesting vibe to this period of films um from um EB because it it's all told from the standpoint of a family. So you get to see the whole dynamics of a family. Um other films that deal with geography um don't necessarily they just kind of take a broad view. They look at a map and then they talk about resources and they talk about history and stuff like that. But yeah, whenever you saw you see a country and its people or continent and its people that's generally means that we get to learn about a family who's doing something. Okay. So, this film uh I got this on eBay and we just scanned it this morning. And so, this is interesting because it is a work safety film, but it's not meant to be shown to the workers. It's meant to be shown to supervisors, managers, so that they can craft a work safety program for their new employees. So, it's subtle. So, and it does cover a lot of the the same things, but the right off the bat when they start talking, you're like, "This is not meant for the workers. No way. Uh-uh. The vocabulary is way up high, and we're not doing blue collar here." Uh, and unfortunately this is is clipped at the end, but there's lots of wonderful footage and and the production music, man, they just it's it's just going to bring up so many things in YouTube. I don't think it'll bring us down, but it'll be interesting tomorrow to say, "Yeah, you can't monetize that show because, you know, 200 uh not 200, but like 20 different uh production music bits are going to show up." So here it is orientation and indoctrination of safe workers. Enjoy. Paced by our competitive economy, the rapid rate of technological change that occurs in the race for industrial superiority exerts a powerful influence on today's industrial training techniques. It continually emphasizes the concept that training anticipate current developments to be dynamic and to avoid becoming outmoded. A basic principle to recognize is that any industrial enterprise is no better than the men who run it. A training program including safety stems from company policy and its establishment rests solely with top management. Here plans are developed by the executive and operating heads when a new plant is opened or an older plant expanded. They consider the local availability of labor and how workmen will be selected according to company standards. At this point, the personnel or industrial relations director is assigned the responsibility of hiring and training new employees. The success of a training program rests primarily on the support that is given to it by the executive and operating heads of the company. The methods and procedures by which all training is carried out are of prime importance in gaining and maintaining the interest and enthusiasm of the workmen and their immediate supervisors. But the example must be set at the top. A successful training program requires that a new employee be guided into his new surroundings in an orderly manner so that the employee can justify the program in his own mind as personally acceptable and desirable. Industry seeks to hire individuals who, in addition to the required knowledge and skills, have reached the highest obtainable levels of formal education the job requires. Because the formal educational levels completed by employees may not always fully meet a company's particular requirements, they're often trained by the company to augment their previous job experiences and aptitudes for particular jobs. A minimum educational requirement in this plant is that the new employee be a high school graduate. Most employers require prospective employees to undergo complete physical examinations. The examining doctor is familiar with the company's operations because the main purpose of the examination is to determine the employees physical capabilities for a particular job assignment and to disclose any physical defects that might preclude such assignment. Orientation and indoctrination should begin as soon as practicable following completion of the employment procedure. Although they usually go hand in hand, orientation means familiarizing a new employee with his working environment, whereas indoctrination means instruction in company policy and job procedures, including the safe way of performing assigned tasks. The new employee must be squared away in his new job so that he finds his place in the organization with a minimum of confusion and with a knowledge of how to avoid injuring himself or his fellow workmen. Orientation need not be lengthy but should be complete. Frequently the orientation includes a few words of welcome from the plant superintendent and an introduction of the safety director and others with whom the new employee will come in contact. It is important to demonstrate the company's interest in the new employees welfare. The aim is to make the employee a member of the family. The safety director explains the company's safety policy, safety rules, what to do in case of injury, and where to obtain first aid or medical attention. He emphasizes the necessity of reporting every injury, regardless of how slight it may seem. The requirements for wearing protective equipment, authorized operation of machinery, prohibition of horseplay, and reasons for observation of safety signs are explained. At this point, the safety director impresses on the new employees that as members of the company family, they are expected to report any unsafe condition or practice that they observe. Each new man receives a copy of the employee handbook, which explains in detail the company's rules and regulations and often contains information on the plant layout and facilities to further guide the employee in his new environment. They also receive an accidentrevention handbook outlining safety procedures and practices. [Music] Here the workmen are issued the required personal protective equipment including hard hats, safety glasses and other appropriate accessories to minimize the hazards of their particular jobs. The safety director conducts the new employees on a get acquainted tour of the plant. Along the way, he points out various posters used in the company's safety program. [Music] An alert industrial organization recognizes that learning is a process of experience, growth, physical and mental reaction to the worker's environment and that this is a continuous neverending process. [Music] As they continue through the plant, seeing various facilities and equipment, the safety director points out the safety features of each metal guards on conveyor belt drives, pulleys, and gears. Modern industry has recognized that specialization is necessary for its growth and successful operation. To further meet a company's needs, the individual employee must be trained as a job specialist and as a safe workman. The job training and safety education programs must be oriented to conform with the concept of job specialization, including the safety aspects of job analysis. When the new employee is taken to the department in which he will work, he meets his supervisor who explains the department's specific safe practices and checks the employees required personal protective equipment. He stresses the importance of the job assignment and what is expected of the new employee. He then points out some of the warning and instructional signs, location of fire alarms and fire extinguishers, and conveniently placed first aid kits. The immediate departmental supervisor occupies the key role in the employees training and safety programs. Therefore, he needs all the help that management can give him. In the mind of the employee, he not only represents management, he is management. Top management's policy on safety is directly reflected by the supervisor's attitude, which in turn influences the employees attitude. Enthusiasm for an interest in safety must gravitate from the top down through the organization. The process will not succeed in reverse. At a meeting of company officials, it is agreed that as an aid to operating efficiency, it might be well to initiate an accidentrevention training program. A Bureau of Mines representative is called in and he proposes a plan of action to promote safety and efficiency. Safety and efficient production are or should be so interlocked as to defy separation. Accidents and injuries disrupt production and are expensive. Their prevention will avoid much human suffering and burdensome medical expenses and will reflect favorably in the company's profit and loss balance sheet. Management realizing that safety is not merely lip service slogans only and recognizing its responsibility for the safety of its employees decided that an accidentrevention course could be utilized to everyone's advantage. With classroom facilities provided and with 100% participation of employees and supervisors, the Bureau of Minds instructor begins the course. After an introduction by the plant safety director, the instructor briefly recounts the history of the Bureau of Minds and outlines the content and duration of the course, principles of accident prevention. The primary aim of the training is to encourage the workman to think, to think safely, to stimulate his safety consciousness by making him aware of the dangers that lurk in his environment and to condition him to react safely. People change their destinies by modifying their attitudes. And as regards safety, they may very well add to the span of life by changing unsafe attitudes to safe ones. Throughout the course, the individual need for understanding of safety principles is stressed. Recognizing that more must be done than just telling people to act safely, each class member should be motivated and encouraged to think of himself as his own safety engineer. [Music] Safety education and training is useful only when it fulfills a need. Its planning must include both current and future needs. Keeping the objective in mind that the safe way is the only way of doing a job. People learn and react through their five basic senses. Hearing, seeing, feeling, tasting, and smelling. But before the maximum potential of these senses can be fully realized, they must first learn to think. to think safely. Accident prevention training aims to develop this thinking ability. Here's some new employees receive their initial on the job training. A qualified supervisor instructs each man in the various steps of his job, including the use of equipment necessary to implement it. Only a few trainees should be assigned to a class at one time. The supervisor establishes a rapport with his men. He explains the operation of the controls of a front end loader, taking care to give reasons for each step. He listens to all possible questions and gives the men answers that remove all doubts as to how the machinery runs and should be handled. He emphasizes that to avoid injury, special safe practice rules apply to this machine and instructs the men accordingly. The supervisor has accomplished the first step in the four-step method of training. The aim was to prepare the learner. The second step is to demonstrate the operation. The prepared learner now observes actual operation of the front end loader. The supervisor emphasizes the key points and the safety aspects. He repeats the demonstration until he is sure the workmen have caught on. The third step is the try out. Each workman will now go through the operation. The supervisor observes and corrects. He encourages and compliments when the job is well done. The workman repeats the operation. This time he explains the steps, key points, and safety precautions. The operation is repeated by all until the men and supervisor are satisfied the workmen are competent to perform it. The final step in the four-step method of training is the followup. The workman is now on his own. He can get help if he wants it and he is checked frequently by the supervisor. Then gradually the supervision is tapered off. Even though a competent electrician has the technical knowledge and skill to perform his work adequately, he may still lack the knowledge to perform it safely. Accident prevention training therefore is designed to supplement this skill and knowledge by enabling him to perform his work both safely and efficiently. The training program should be based on the plant's electrical equipment and apply to specific plant operations rather than to generalities and indefinite recommendations. Capable instructors and a wellorganized safety program will contribute greatly to the safe, efficient operation of an industrial plant. A well-rounded safety training course will also cover instruction in first aid training, emphasizing the use of artificial respiration. Notwithstanding the progress made in the design of modern electrical equipment, many preventable accidents occur because of improper operation or faulty maintenance. Also, hazards that cause injuries, serious or even fatal ones, often are created by lack of knowledge of safe procedures. Before electrical equipment is tested or repaired, the main circuit breaker is open to remove the load from the line. Depending upon the location of the equipment, adjacent switches are opened to prevent feedback of voltage from other sources. If the motor or machine is remote from the main control, the switches should be locked out. This provides visual evidence that the circuit is deenergized. After it is certain that all power to the circuit is off, repairs can be made. To replace the belt on this machine, the protective covering or guards are removed. The inspector checks the circuit using a voltmeter or other appropriate device. If it is energized, he will then proceed to cut off the power before making further inspection or repairs. Loose clothing should not be worn when working around electrical equipment because it might become entangled in moving parts. and wristwatches, particularly with metal bands, rings, metal pens or pencils or chains, should be removed from the person to prevent accidental contact and a possible shock hazard. The electrical crew must use all necessary protective equipment. The kind needed will be determined by the type of circuit, nature of the job, and conditions under which the work must be done. Common kinds of protective equipment include rubber gloves, sleeves, insulating floor mats, line hose, safety belts, fuse tongs, and switch hooks. On the job, instructions should be given until each individual can perform all his duties safely. The supervisor must spend enough time with new maintenance employees to properly instruct them and then follow up to make certain that his instructions are fully understood. Because the function of maintenance is to keep plant equipment in top operating condition, a good maintenance system must detect faults before they become breakdowns. The program must emphasize preventive maintenance. Maintenance men should be selected for their mechanical ability, alertness, and willingness to learn how to operate and repair all equipment in their duty area. Safety for them will probably not follow a fixed pattern, but a constantly changing one to which they must readily adjust. Viewed in this respect, a maintenance man should have extensive training in accident prevention more than the average workman. The maintenance crew should be called together at the start of a non-rine job to determine the hazards involved and the method of doing the job safely. The men should be given an opportunity to discuss the job and offer constructive suggestions. The working tools of a maintenance man must be inspected to be sure they are in good condition before being used. In addition to the usual tools, he is concerned with ladders, safety belts, slings, and ropes. Gloves, safety goggles, safety shoes, skull protectors, respirators, and other protective equipment. [Music] To avoid snagging, maintenance men's clothing should be snug fitting, particularly at the neck, wrists, and ankles. If a man needs only a few tools, a special belt will be useful to carry them. To prevent back injuries in case of falling, tools should be secured at the side rather than on the back of the belt. Safety goggles should be a standard article in every maintenance toolkit. When working in high places or when entering a manhole, bin, or tank, the use of a safety rope is imperative and should be attached to a permanent support. With jobs of this nature, an extra man should be stationed close by to assist in case of emergency. Repetitive maintenance operations require hoists, fixed ladders, or guarded catwalks where pipelines are installed that carry liquids or gases under pressure. Accidents have occurred when workers, because of their inability to identify the lines, opened the wrong valve or disconnected the wrong pipeline. Pipelines can be identified through the use of a color scheme, tags, or stencils. [Music] Accidents occur to oilers who attempt to lubricate moving machinery. Special precautions or instructions should be noted on certain types of machines that must be stopped to lubricate. Ladders should not straddle moving machines, nor should an oiler attempt to reach several fittings to avoid moving the ladder. Standing on a box, table, or chair invites an accident. As a safety precaution, before a repairman works on or near an overhead crane runway, he should notify the crane operator of the work to be performed. Maintenance men should protect themselves, their fellow workers, and others nearby from electric arc welding rays that cause eye injury. Welding screens or fireresistant drop cloths may be used. Fire extinguishers should be located near or attached to all welding equipment. A well ventilated maintenance shop is especially needed when welding, paint spraying or cleaning of metal machinery. Fire extinguishers should be readily available and the men trained in the proper extinguisher to use on grease or oil, electrical and other types of fires. Men, machines, and materials are the three main components of industry. Whereas machines and materials can be more readily controlled, controlling human behavior is the most difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, human behavior can be guided in the interest of safety by training and environment. Organized accidentrevention classes can be of great assistance in guiding and conditioning workmen to think about their safety and the safety of others and thus no safety. With this concept in mind, safety representatives of the Bureau of Mines have extended the Bureau's safety training program into all types of mineral extractive industries. The basic objective is to get to the man on the job. Training can be conducted before, during, or after a working shift. Workers can be trained in any size group, but a small one is preferred. In this underground mine safety class, the instructor maintains interest with effective demonstrations that pertain to the facilities of this particular mine. He uses a wide variety of visual aids. Lectures are brief and an easily understood language and the training aids are fundamental and uncomplicated so that extensive formal education is not necessary to understand them. Workmen are impressed that accidents are costly to everyone, especially the one who gets hurt. They learn that practicing safety is personally desirable with respect to their earnings, family security, avoidance of pain and suffering, and having good health and living a longer life. Setting a good example for the workmen with active enthusiastic participation in an accidentrevention program by all levels of management is necessary for the success of any safety education and training program. Devoting time to safety on the job impresses the men and is something they don't easily forget. Here a workman starts to use a grinder but remembers something he learned in safety class. The instructor's warning to always wear safety goggles or face shield to protect the eyes when using a cutting or grinding machine. Protection of life and limb depends upon accidentrevention training more than the speed of reflexes. Accident prevention is not an inherited trait. It must be learned and learning requires motivation through effective training. Workmen can be motivated best by emphasizing that safety will not be attained on a one-way street. It requires united action of labor and management. There is no clear-cut distinction between education and learning. They blend successfully with each other. An unsafe plant cannot operate efficiently. Therefore, accidentrevention instruction combined with on the-job training ensures operating efficiency. And with a concerted action of all employees coupled with vigorous, intelligent, and wholehearted support and leadership of management, success will crown the efforts toward accident prevention. The bureau's experience indicates that best results in accident prevention are obtained when everyone on the job completes the training. The men show their willingness to cooperate with each other in solving their common safety and working problems. Past experience has proven that by completing the course, these workmen will develop safe ways of working by thinking about safety. They mature by understanding the hazards of their industrial environment and they become industry's most valuable asset. [Music] Oh, so it it is mostly the entire film. Um, man, that uh all those uh toys, those uh demonstration things, man, those were awesome. I was very excited to see those. And you know, my birthday is coming up in October. So, you know, if somebody's handy with a skill saw, a uh a half-sized um flat silhouette of a worker trying to lift something where you can basically manipulate them with your their butt with your um handle and then you can see the articulated spine. I mean, that beautiful. And I don't think those were mass-produced. I think somebody made that. Um, so very exciting. Thank you for joining us today, Gabriel. Thank you for the coffee. Uh, Gabriel has been contributing coffee every day via the ko-fi.com/avgeeks um link and that helps add up. Um, I had way too much coffee today because I'm still on steroids and um, so I'm all like tweaked out. But this is going to help because uh we are moving uh some shelving today, myself and a college student who is eager to to make some money. Um we're shleing some stuff around uh because we're doing some more work at the archive upstairs in the office uh cleaning up um some issues that we've had for a long time there. So, um, thank you for the coffee. Thank you for the comments. Um, thank you for all the production library music that we heard today. Um, thank you for being uh, irritated by but not to the point of distraction about the um, the crowns that uh, YouTube have uh, decided to implement on this uh, chat and channel. Um, and just thank you for you. Thank you for watching. It it really means a lot to have um kind of folks that I know, you know, know um tune in every day. It really does make a big difference. And uh um it gives me joy to give you joy or it gives me joy to um irritate you with films that I show. Either way, they're things I like. But um yeah, we'll be back again tomorrow, Friday. And uh everybody have a great rest of your Thursday. Take care. We love you and we'll see you soon. Bye.