AV Geeks 16mm Lunch 12-13-2023

that that hello everybody I'm skip Alzheimer welcome to the avgeeks lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16 mimer films and uh I don't know why YouTube was like being a pain it wasn't quite starting and I was like what's going on and I was like running around trying to figure out but then eventually it started up so who knows but uh that was it said Korea at the beginning I'm not quite sure then it says Chileans peing Korea seem to be a lot of China in there so um anyways that was from the mle brothers collection which you could rent back in the day or purchase from Mogul Brothers uh Library which was based in um New York City and a bunch of these films ended up different places including the orgon archive where we scan them for on their behalf uh here's another film from that collection plant growth enjoy although we commonly consider the animal kingdom as of Greater importance It is Well to remember that plants are the ultimate source of food for all forms of animal life like animals plants need proper food and sufficient air and water in order to live and Thrive here we shall see the life story of a typical plant condensed into a few minutes beauty is the principal appeal of flowers beauty of color beauty of form beauty of fragrance also the flower has a most important and most interesting practical function it is the Forerunner of the seed and it is by means of seeds that the flowering plants reproduce themselves the seed of the pea plant germinates or starts to grow by sending a root downward into the soil and a stem upward into the air with the time speeded up we shall see the main or primary root branching and developing root hairs near the tips The Roots have two uses namely to Anchor and support the plant and to absorb water and other food from the soil the latter is accomplished mainly by the root hairs the stem pushes up through the soil in an arched or bent over position thus protecting its first young leaves the stem supports the leaves which need air air and sunlight for their work oxygen of the air is used in breathing and carbon dioxide is used in making starch for food the stem of the pea plant not being very rigid depends upon its tendrils for support the leaves are the breathing organs and also the food factories the tendrils twine about the string and thus support the stem of the plant in the picture see them respond to the stimulus produced by the string the growth on the inner side of the curve of the tendril seems to be checked by the contact with the string and this causes it to twine around the support note how firmly the tendrils attach themselves to the support they twine around around and around until there is not the least danger of being pulled loose the tendrils seem to seek a support and in this apparent search they seem to avoid each other note The Swinging of the top of the plant with the tendrils it seems as if under the control of a brain as are the voluntary acts of animals nothing gives us so good a notion of opening flowers as the motion picture with the time speeded up by time-lapse photography these remarkable nodding movements are due to the change of the rate of growth on the various sides if one side grows faster for a time then the opp than the opposite the stems lean away from the side growing most rapidly it should be remembered that the time is greatly speeded up in this closeup of the PE Blossom the lateral or side pedals are drawn apart exposing the boat-shaped KE which is made up of two petals the KE protects the essential parts of the flow the stamans and the pistol now let me open a wing in inside is a projection here which fits into a Groove here in the Kio the top or outer tip of the pistol is called the stigma the stock of the stigma is called the style and the lower part of the pistol is the ovary in which the seeds develop the pistol may be called the female part of the flower the stamms are the male part part of the flower it is in the pollen sacks or anthers of the stamms that the pollen grains develop bees in their quest for nectar out of which to make honey May brush the pollen grains from the stamans and carry them on their bodies to other flowers and thus bring about cross fertilization which is so important in the life history of most of our flowering plants the bee in seeking nectar from the Pea flower accidentally or incidentally gets the pollen grains on its body for the pollen grains are ripe and are being shed when the nectar is ready another view of a bee visiting a pea Blossom she is probably attracted by the bright color and by the fragrance of the flower the bee's perception of color is probably not just like ours and her sense of smell is probably much more acute in visiting the next flow it is very probable that some of the pollen grains carried by the Bee will be brushed upon the stigma and thus fertilization will be brought about we could not photograph pollen tubes growing from the stigma down through the style for the style is opaque take hence these germinating pollen grains were photographed in a clear solution and they were photographed through a microscope note how each pollen grain puts out a long tube which after many hours will reach the ovule in the pollen tube note the streaming of the protoplasm which is the living substance of the plant this is an un unusual picture after the male cell has moved out of the pollen tube and has United with the egg cell in the ovule that is after the egg cell has been fertilized the ovule will develop into a seed here we see how ovules become seeds the pollen grains which are carried to another flow and left upon the stigma will germinate and send tubes down through the style to the ovules or the beginnings of seeds in the ovary the pollen tube will penetrate an ovule and the male cell which came from the pollen grain will move out of the tip of the pollen tube and Unite with the egg cell and that Union is fertilization the egg cell after fertilization that is after it has United with the male cell which came from the pollen grain will develop into a tiny plant or embryo within the seed after fertilization has occurred the flower Withers and the pods grow to accommodate the developing seeds within the Pod continues to develop until the seeds are ripe the remains of the withered flower may be seen at the outer end the ripe seeds are a resting stage in the life history of a plant after the seeds are ripe the pods burst open as shown here and the parts of the Pod curl up with such energy that the seeds are shot a considerable distance this scattering of the seeds far and wide is a distinct advantage in wild plants for in this way they establish themselves over greater areas the germination of this seed on top of a rock shows the lack of suitable conditions the proper requirements are sufficient moisture but not too much sufficient warmth but not too much and reasonably pulverized soil here we see the young Plant die on account of improper conditions contrasted with the last here is a seed germinating under ideal conditions note the root growing downward with secondary roots or branches growing out from the main or primary root note the root hairs which are always a short distance back from the root tips note the stem growing upward that is in a direction opposite to that taken by the root in this picture we have examined the life story of the PE and have followed it from one generation to the next what we have that just ended and that happened a lot um these films they were from a actual library of even though it was a commercial Library so what happens is the beginnings and the ends sometimes get clipped off and that's what happened with the films on our collection is um that gets that happens all the time all right so on the film scanner behind me uh I got very excited about uh it's a screen printed World yesterday because of the Bongos and the awesome soundtrack um this is not as exciting but it's exciting for me because I'm a big fan of footage of printing newspapers uh before I was really into collecting films I was collecting printing presses um so and photocopiers so there you go uh anyways this is printing Through the Ages enjoy make a boat we simply take a piece of wood or a block of lenium or even half a potato we cut away part of the flat surface so that weigh is pattern then we dab the potato with heavy ink or paint next we put the ink surface against a piece of paper and press hard we have made a print and we can make as many more as we like one of the earliest ways of printing was by means of a seal which was pressed onto soft clay or wax people have used such seals for thousands of years but it was a long time before anyone thought of putting ink onto a seal so that many prints could be made on paper or fabric the first real printing from larger blocks started in China and Japan sometimes the Chinese and Japanese printed whole pictures from blocks of wood some of these prints found their way Westward to Europe many many hundreds of years later people in Europe began to make prints for themselves here is a design being printed as a repeat pattern on a large piece of cloth another early method of printing in this case playing cards to us these methods seem crude but they were the best of their day the Europe printers found that they could get a firm and even pressure by using a press like a wine press each turn of a screw above increased the pressure on a flat plate beneath after a while they began to print words in addition to pictures and sometimes a whole page of words was cut in wood but this was slow business for each letter had to be cut a new each time it was used now the 15th century in Europe the time of many new ideas and inventions people wanted to read about them but still they could get only books copied Slowly by hand a new invention was greatly needed so that more books could be produced then then in a Secret Workshop in the town of mines in Germany something startling was accomplished a man named Gutenberg had managed to do something that had never been done before after 20 years of experimenting he had produced a fine and unusual book Gutenberg had printed a magnificent Bible but what was more important he had printed not just one but 200 Bibles all exactly alike this was unheard of it meant that as many pages could now be printed in a day as a man could write by hand in a whole year well what was gutenberg's great invention that made this possible Gutenberg had reason somewhat like this we use the 26 letters of our alphabet over and over again as we write different words look at the letter e for example now if many copies of each letter could be made easily in separate pieces they could be used again and again as often as needed but to cut separate letters in Wood was much too slow so if cast metal letters could be made Gutenberg saw a way of greatly speeding up the printing process so he got metal Craftsman to make letters this is the letter s of that time after the metal letter had been checked and hardened the Craftsman was ready to use it as a punch he selected a softer piece of metal and into it he hammered a deep impression of the letter this impression became the exact reverse of the letter on the punch this piece was called The Matrix it was really a deep print of the punch this Matrix was put into a mold metal was poured into this mold running into all the crevices of the letter on The Matrix here in fact was a piece of metal t type dozens of separate metal letters could be made each day from each Matrix all exactly alike and each could be used over and over again so the great invention Gutenberg had contributed to printing was movable metal type at first in Germany the letters as they were written by hand became the models for the metal type to be used in printing then exactly the same thing happened in Italy written letters became models for type letters but soon in France printers began to Designed letters specially for printing which had become the accepted way of producing books by the 15th century printing presses had been set up over most of Europe working the same way but using printing types that varied a great deal and shortly newspapers were being started but old presses were too slow to print newspapers they still used essentially a central screw acting on a pressure plate beneath through the action of a lever by this time however the industrial reevolu ution was in full swing metal smelting was being developed new machines were being made all of metal so the old wooden printing press was replaced by a cast iron press which could do more work and do it more quickly other new ideas were invading the trade mechanical inking rollers were developed these could spread the ink over the type quickly and evenly they became part of the newer presses the old hand ink pads gave way to Mechanical rollers the oldtime screw and lever for applying pressure gave way to a revolving drum under which the type could be moved back and forth the black roller gave it ink and the paper passed between drum and type now now one press could turn out a thousand copies an hour developments followed one another quickly more and more newspapers were called for the London Times had been started in the 1780s a new printing press invented by Kik was installed by the times in 1814 it turned out 1,100 prints an hour in 1827 5,000 prints an hour by now however flatbed presses were too slow another invention speeded up Printing and this is the way it worked the flat page of type was locked in place in the usual way and made Flat and even all over layers of tissue and blotting paper pasted together were laid over the page a deep impression of the page was made just as the impression of a single letter had been made long before the impressed paper Matrix was then put into a casting machine which shaped it like a half cylinder the molten metal poured around it thus had a half half cylinder shape two of these half cylinders were then mounted around the drum of the press this drawing shows what happened instead of being flapped the pages of metal now fitted around the drum as the drum turned the letters received ink and the sheets of paper were printed on one side as they fed through the paper Bing industry in France next helped speed up printing it brought out this machine which made paper in one continuous roll instead of separate sheets as had been done previously with this paper roll available here is what next happened to the newspaper press a second printing drum pressure cylinder and set of Ink Rollers could be added now both sides of a continuous sheet of paper could be printed in one operation by this machine newspapers could be printed twice as quickly as before just 100 years earlier the printing press had been a simple hand operated contrivance in one century it had developed into a large large and complicated machine Through The Years following improvements came rapidly and today the printing industry is highly organized with scores of specialized jobs much of the work is done by machines as this operator touches the keys this machine molds each letter of type separately it is called a monotype machine and and this is a liner type machine each line of type is molded in one long piece in both machines new type is molded for each job here's an interesting machine of the modern printing industry it is putting together the sections of pages of a magazine in the right order for binding and on this great press a quarter of a million copies of tomorrow morning's newspaper are being printed with lightning speed so printing today is for everybody newspapers books magazines by the millions welld designed and mass produced and we have all these today because down Through the Ages men and women in many parts of the world have ever been working to do a better job of printing the antithesis of uh what we just saw uh yesterday as far as the the Jazzy uh exciting 1960s soundtrack with um percussion and didn't have any music uh all right so what do we got it's winter right it's winter it there was frost on my windshield this morning it's it's winter uh and I'm sure it's winter on the farm enjoy it is December and the first winter snow has fallen during the night Joan and Jerry Johnson are starting out to explore the new white blanket of snow they leave their tracks everywhere they go they notice that some small animal has left its tracks in the snow too what animal could have made these tracks they're still fresh they were made only a short time ago no Jerry have frightened him and away he goes Joan and Jerry must be on their way too they are on their way out to the woods to cut a Christmas tree first they must stop to get the things they will need for one thing ax and it's a good sharp axe and next a sled a sled to haul the tree home from the woods the snow is just right for its Leed Joan wants to pull so away from the farmyard and Out near the woods where the snow is a little deeper now what does Jerry see fresh trash snow again and here is the fox that made the tracks the fox may know that there's someone near his thick fur coat keeps him warm during the cold weather keep quiet says Jerry but the fox isn't sure it's safe here away he goes Galloping farther and farther through the trees now Joan would like a ride it's only a short way to where the evergreen trees grow they stop at the edge of the woods because they see a young deer a fawn he's probably the grass the leaves are gone from trees and bushes it's harder for deer to find food and they often come up close to farmhouses the Fawn watches Joan and Jerry close he's a little bit afraid of people he'll feel safer back in the woods Jerry knows just where there is a nice little Christmas tree Joan likes it very much Joan thinks Jerry is a good Woodsman What a fine Christmas tree tree just the right size for the Johnson living room and just the right size for the sled Jerry is brought along a rope to hold the tree on the sled now back through the pasture and onto the house with the tree for the happy Christmas holidays now it is January and the snow is much deeper inside the house it is warm and cozy Joan watches Jerry as he shovels a path out to the barn shoveling snow is work that Jerry likes Joan thinks the farm is very beautiful under its blanket of snow here comes father it's time for the morning chores in winter when snow covers the grass in the pasture the Johnson's feed their Livestock in the barn this is the hay that Jerry and and Mr Johnson cut and put in the barn Last Summer the horses stay inside the barn on cold winter days when they're not working another Fork of hay will fill the manger in another part of the barn father is feeding the milk cows during the winter the Johnson's keep the cows in the barn most of the time the cows give more milk if they are kept warm and get the right kind of [Music] feet whiskers the cat has found a comfortable place for a nap the feed father brings in the big shovel is called silage last Autumn he made the silage by cutting up green corn and putting it in the [Music] silo it's close to milking time and that's the time for whisker's breakfast at the house Joan is taking breakfast to the birds this morning she put sunflower seeds and nut Meats into a feeding box for the birds that stay on the farm on a tree nearby there is a basket made of string where she puts sew it for the birds it is harder for them to find food when the ground is covered with snow while Joan is waiting for her Birds she sees the long icicles that hang from the edge of the roof here comes a bird now it's a chick chickes stay on the Johnson Farm all winter they seem frisky and gay even in the cold weather but they really need help in finding food during the winter now it is a day late in February Jerry and Joan are coming home from school it's goodbye to schoolmates until [Music] tomorrow up the road toward the house and close by the old snow drift this is the biggest snow drift left along the road but now it's melting fast some of the water soaks into the ground it will water spring plants some of the water runs down the road to the river at the edge of the snow drift the melting snow has uncovered a small green plant it has stayed alive under the snow all winter on the way to the house Joan and Jerry start their evening chores their first job is to walk the cows electricity that pumps water for the milk [Music] cows even in the winter the Johnson cows come out of the barn for fresh water back of the barn is a spot that John and Jerry are watching carefully these days it's a hole that leads to where'd it go I don't know it's a hole that leads to Darkness uh as I said unfortunately these films sometimes are missed in the beginning Miss in the end and we' we've experienced that uh to for the last couple of films um the printing throughout the ages was missing its title um the uh plant growth was missing the end uh and what happens the reason why uh just as um to kind of explain a little bit is generally when films get beat up it's at the beginning or the end and it's because when someone is threading it the projector they might not do it right and so it gets shredded they stop it gets returned to the library library is like yeah we can't Salvage this they clip it out sometimes if they're resourceful they will reorder footage if it's possible uh the big educational film companies you could do that you could reorder so that happens sometimes we're watching a film beautiful color and then it goes to Red because the footage was placed uh the other thing that happens is someone a teacher stops the projector at the end and then just rewinds it so the film is going back through the gate to rewind they don't know that they have to actually pull it out of the gate and Rewind it and so that again shreds the film so that's how these this happens uh unfortunately uh here's another example on the scanner uh I didn't know I I didn't didn't this is a recent arrival we don't have a copy of this and I'm desperately hoping to find a better copy of this uh but it's missing the beginning it's called mathematical peep show it was made by the EM uh who you might remember from uh just based on tops uh information machine and then of course powers of 10 most popular film and also uh lots of furniture they made lots of f mid-century modern furniture so this is uh something they did called mathematical Peep Show uh enjoy you set about to measure the Earth with the mathematical knowledge and tools you already possess a Greek named aatosan did it 240 years before Christ he was head of the Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt a City built by the Greeks he like others suspected that the world was round after all the sun and the moon were round he had also noticed that the sun's Rays fell in parallel lines Greeks before him had divided the circle into degrees and had measured angles with this information and a logic iCal mind he measured the Earth here is how while visiting the city of Cena one midsummer's day eroses noticed that the reflection of the sun could be seen in the bottom of a deep well the sun was overhead and the Rays pointed to the Center of the Earth he remembered this and on the next midsummer's day in Alexandria he measured the shadow cast by an obelisk sunbeams travel in parallel lines so the difference in angle had to result from the curvature of the earth if the angle was 150th of a circle then the distance around the world must be 50 times the distance from Alexandria to ceni with these simple tools eroses made this almost exact measurement of the world more than 1700 years before mellin sailed around it he was a friend of Archimedes mathematician and a poet for finding prime number geographer and corrected the calendar one we use [Music] today about the turn of the century the French mathematician Marie Camille Jordan stated a simple closed curve in the plane divides the plane into exactly two domains if we ask a young child to copy these forms he is apt to produce a series of related blobs and when he does he is unconsciously recognizing the fundamental similarity between these shapes each one divides the paper into an inside part and an outside part a point that lies in one area cannot get to the other no matter how the curve is stretched it is a simple closed curve which means that it does not cross itself and it ends at its beginning point if it follows these rules it will behave the same regardless of how it is distorted now it would be more difficult to tell if any given point lies inside the curve or outside but there is a way if a line is is drawn from that point to the area Beyond and it crosses the curve an odd number of times we find that the point lies inside an even number of times it lies outside what is true for the simple curve and its brotherly blobs may not be true for its more complicated cousins a curve that crosses itself once behaves differently and no matter how hard it tries it cannot become a simple curve this is is just a taste of topology just as 2 + 3 is part of arithmetic and bisecting an angle is a part of geometry so problems of inside and outside are a part of [Music] topology when we think of symmetry we usually think of a design balanced around the center line or a folded ink plot or a piece of architecture we think of man as being symmetrical yet he is only symmetrical the way some designs are that is he looks the same as his mirror [Music] image there are many kinds of symmetry and some things can be shown to be more symmetrical than others one way to test for degrees of symmetry is to count the number of positions an object can take in a box that fits it perfectly a man can fit in a man box only one way but a card can fit in a card box four ways front out front upside down back out back upside down a solid with four equilateral triangles as faces a tetrahedron can fit in its box with any of its four faces up and with each face up it can turn in three positions 3 * 4 = 12 positions a cube has six faces and each one up can take four different positions it fits in its box 24 Ways a do decahedron will fit in its box 60 ways the number of ways suggest the degree of symmetry some things can take an infinite number of positions in their box a cone is an example if we put it in a cone box and Mark a point then move it halfway around then half the distance to the starting point then half again and again we can keep having forever and The Cone can take an infinite number of positions the sphere is the most symmetrical of all it can rot at into an infinite number of positions in an infinite number of ways but trust the mathematician he has a more precise way of measuring symmetry a form of algebra called group structure still fitting things in boxes is one way to gauge how much more symmetrical one thing is than [Music] another [Music] there are many times when invisible connections link things together when the variation of one thing determines the variation of another then that connection is called a function the size of the balloon is determined by the amount of air the more air air the larger the balloon the size then is a function of the amount of air the height of a candle is such a direct function of time that the Ancients measured the hours in this way in 1 hour the candle is one unit shorter in 2 hours two units in 3 hours three and so forth the candle gets shorter with time the boy gets taller with time his height is a function of time because it has a definite value at any instant your proper weight is a function of your height and the number to which the needle points is a function of your weight your weight is a function of gravity the less gravity as on the moon the less weight the speed of the locomotive is a function of the heat in the Firebox the position of the throttle the diameter of the wheels the grade of the track and the direction and the velocity of the wind it is not likely to depend on the beauty of the scenery or the color of the engineer's hair many laws of nature are statements of functional relationships functions are the beginning and sometimes they are the goal of [Music] science [Music] this is an old story but it reminds us of the surprises we can get when even a small number like two is multiplied by itself many times king sharam of India was so pleased when his Grand visit a sisa bendar presented him with the game of chess that he asked bendar to name his own reward the request was so modest that the happy King immediately complied what the grand vazer had asked was this that one grain of wheat be placed on the first square of the chess board two grains on the second Square four on the third eight on the fourth 16 on the fifth square and so on doubling the amount of wheat on each succeeding Square until all 64 squares were accounted for when the king Steward had gotten to the 17th Square the table was well filled by the 26th Square the chamber held considerable wheat and a nervous King ordered the steward to speed up the count when 42 squares were accounted for the palace itself was swamped now fit to be tied King sharam learns from the court mathematician that had the process cond continued the wheat required would have covered all India to a depth in laying this many grains of wheat end to end also does something rather spectacular they would stretch from the earth beyond the sun past the orbits of the planets far out across the galaxy to the star Alpha centari Four light years away they would then stretch back to Earth back back to Alpha centuri and back to the Earth [Music] again how about that all right um where am I I'm invisible um wow fascinating uh not the peep show that most of you are anticipating but uh little short films little peeps into uh mathematical Concepts and a little bit of History Etc um yeah pretty exciting um thank you for tuning in today very much appreciate your eyeballs and your time and your comments if you like what you saw you can donate via the super thanks button Jeremy did that thank you Jeremy um you can also just hit the Thumbs Up Button the like button uh those are ways that say that hey this this channel is kind of interesting to me not everything they show is good but in general I like it I like what Skip's doing um you can also buy us coffee at ko-fi.com avgeeks or patreon.com avgeeks either of those are ways to say thank you to support us so thanks again uh we will be back tomorrow tomorrow what was that Thursday yes uh and we'll watch some more films all right everybody take care and uh see you tomorrow bye that