AV Geeks 16mm Lunch 11-27-2023

that is is that for is hello hello hello hello turn off that noisy projector sound mute the preview computer that I have ah yeah hi everybody I'm skip Alzheimer welcome to the a Geeks lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16 mm films and uh I wasn't live live uh on Thursday or Friday uh so I hope everybody who celebrates had a relaxing uh rewarding Thanksgiving uh holiday with loved ones doesn't have to be your family just somebody could be just you um I was relaxing cuz I had been traveling for the last two months and I was eager to sit at home so uh that last film we saw was uh New England Fisheries Cod and that was from the uh Oregon archive But ultimately from the Mogul Brothers collection and I feel like I just recently found some home movies of the Mogul Brothers like I'm going to have to find that so mogle Brothers was a library uh that you could rent films from or purchase films from based in New York City and a lot of those films ended up the Anthology film archives and then some of them went to uh pringer archives and Library of Congress and some of them went to the orgon archives um so we scanned a bunch of them for the Oregon archives and ultimately we digitized ones for the pranger archives so we got a lot of Mogul Brothers running through our blood uh all right um let's see what we got here I think it's time to watch we got a film set up on the scanner um been itching to show you live films and that's what we try to do uh this one is what's the big hurry [Music] enjoy [Music] a [Music] hold on uh all right um let me get back to this the uh basically uh the the film got uh wound and it it lost tension so uh let's watch uh testing hypothesis [Music] enjoy [Music] much of the work done by scientists has to do with the forming of hypotheses useful hypotheses that help describe what the observed world might be like as an aid to forming such hypotheses a scientist may try to get away from his laboratory and colleagues for a while to a place where he can think undisturbed by outside distractions when it comes time to test his hypothesis however he must subject them to observed data to the world of his senses scientific hypotheses don't gain much respect until they've been tested by observations probably the most familiar way of doing this is by means of experiments experimental procedures vary according to the hypotheses to be tested yet they follow certain basic principles principles which we can illustrate were the classic series of Investigations done by Louis pastur and others during the 18th and 19th centuries one of these studies had to do with samples of broth made up of meat or vegetable juices when such a broth was left to stand exposed to the air for a few days it often became clouded with swarms of microscopic organisms bacteria yeasts and moles some investigators of pastor's day hypothesized that these living organisms formed spontaneously from the non-living broth other scientists including pastur hypothesized that the organisms formed only from other living organisms broth simply provided nourishment testing this latter hypothesis required an identification of the variables involved one variable was whether organisms did form or not in a broth after it had been left to stand for a few days a drop of the broth under a microscope reveals some of the many organisms that were sometimes found the forming of microorganisms according to the hypothesis depended on another variable the prior presence of living organisms in the broth from which new ones might grow to test this hypothesis there had to be some way of getting broth that already contained some living microorganisms and also some broth that did not but how could a scientist know if he had broth that did not contain microorganisms early in the experiment any organisms present would be very few in number they would be difficult to see even with a microscope and almost impossible to find how then did pastur test his hypothesis how did he test to see if microorganisms had to be present before new microorganisms would form what sorts of experiments could he do one experiment was set up with two flasks of broth the liquid in one of the flasks was boiled it was assumed that boiling would kill any microorganisms that might be present microorganisms in the unboiled broth would not be killed a controlled experiment the heated broth was allowed to cool and both flasks were left to stand for a few days the result organisms formed in both flasks their appearance in the unboiled broth could have resulted from other live microorganisms but what about in the second flask perhaps scientists reasoned after the broth was boiled additional organisms may have fallen into the liquid from the air to control for this possibility another experiment was devised in which the broth in both flasks was boiled outside air was allowed to enter one flask without any sort of special treatment but the air leading into the other flask was passed through a heated tube to kill organisms that might be present in the air as well as in the liquid a more careful control of the conditions so that live organisms might be present in one flask but not in the other after the liquid had been boiled for several minutes the burners below the flasks were removed allowing the flasks to cool however the burners were kept on below the metal tube to kill organisms that might be present in the air under these conditions organisms formed as before in the broth that had been exposed to unheated air but in the flask receiving heated air no organisms appeared this seemed to show that heating broth and air killed organisms more important it seemed to show that organisms could not form from air and broth alone but did it Advocates of spontaneous generation argued that heating air did more than just kill microorganisms it tortured the air they said destroying its regenerative properties in heating the air an unwanted variable had been added to control this variable still other experiments were done instead of passing the air through a heated tube it was passed through a cotton filter the idea was to remove organisms from from the air without heating it or otherwise altering it with this Arrangement both flasks were allowed to cool and stand once again after a few days organisms grew as before in the broth that had been exposed to untreated air but in the flask of filtered air no organisms appeared this seemed to back up the hypothesis that organisms form from other organisms at least for a particular kind of broth when this experiment was repeated with other kinds of nutrient materials however conflicting evidence was found in some cases no microorganisms appeared in other cases microorganisms did appear as a consequence Pastor was led to perform many more intricate and refined experiments as he sought to confirm his hypothesis that microorganisms derive from other microorganisms in the process he established principles of experimental procedure stating hypotheses clearly in terms that can be tested isolating variables performing controlled experiments to find out the effects of unwanted and unknown variables these principles of procedure scientists continue to follow in their investigations today you follow these principles or should follow them whenever you test hypothesis by experiment experiments are generally the shest safest way of testing hypotheses because conditions can be set up to control variables being tested and to reduce interference from unwanted variables it's not always possible however to test hypothesis by experiment for instance in studying the origins of living things we come across hypotheses which cannot be tested experimentally a classic example has to do with an idea held by many people in the 18th century that all species of living things were created at the same time all plants and all animals were thought to have been created at the same moment in history scientists of the 18th century however were finding fossils of unknown species of plants and animals in layers of rock believed to be millions of years old they were not finding fossils of known present day species in these same rocks such observations LED some scientists to hypothesize that there had been a gradual evolution of living things Through the Ages how could they test this hypothesis they couldn't very well set up a controlled experiment the changes believed to have taken place in nature occurred over an interval of millions of years these changes were believed to have been influenced by many natural occurrences changing levels of the Seas volcanic eruptions and earthquakes and changes in climate alternating between ice ages and warm tropical ages scientists could never hope to recreate such changing conditions on the massive scale of nature the only way they could test their hypothesis was on the basis of naturally occurring evidence to do this they made a prediction they predicted that if there has been a gradual evolution of living things then the simplest organisms should be found in the oldest rocks and the most complex organisms should be found in the newest most recently formed rocks they predicted also as a consequence of the same hypothesis that there should be a pattern of evolution showing a series of gradual successive changes ches in the structures of organisms found examining the evidence inspecting thousands of different fossils from various ages they found that the evidence supported their predictions example after example was found that seemed to connect ancient plants and animals through a series of slight successive changes with plants and animals of modern times on the basis of millions of bits of such evidence scientists throughout the world became convinced that there has been a gradual evolution of living things from one species to another today most scientists accept this as an accurate description of what has happened although no experiment has ever been performed to substantiate this the belief in evolution is based entirely on naturally occurring evidence such evidence is used in modern science to test other hyp itheses that cannot be validated by experiment astronomers observe natural events in distant galaxies to test hypotheses relating to the formation of stars and planets hypotheses about effects of living conditions on life expectancy are also tested using naturally occurring evidence the same methods are used to find out how people are influenced by the social groups and organizations they belong to you use naturally occurring evidence whenever you go on a field trip to learn about scientific hypotheses or to test those you've read about naturally occurring evidence and experimental evidence these are the kinds of data relied on by scientists to test hypotheses to see how closely they fit The observed world and to suggest new tests that will hopefully lead to revised more useful hypotheses in the [Music] [Applause] [Music] future so if you need some uh footage of hand hands holding test tubes man we got hours and hours and hours of hands holding test tubes uh in in scanning this um excuse me coret collection there's a lot of footage that is about science about chemistry um and uh chemical uh properties but there's also all these outtakes uh of just scores of hands just kind of like holding something disembodied hands just kind of holding you know things and pouring things in other things and all that all right uh I if you see I added a a little white thing which helps keep the film from doing what I call making Pottery where it starts to bow out and then it eventually collapse so this will help uh so we're going to watch what's the big hurry already in progress enjoy [Music] e n n [Music] I [Music] [Applause] n [Music] a [Music] n n I [Music] e [Music] n [Music] n [Music] a [Music] n [Music] [Applause] [Music] the that was a little uh a serbic um yeah a fake silent movie um not everybody gets it right uh this this is just like when I watch uh people trying to make a fake educational film it um there's a finesse to it that a lot of people Miss um I think Mr show did a really good job with it when they did it was a sign sence film that was done in during Medieval Times where there was no concept of science uh it it was really smart like they did a really good job with it um but not everybody gets right uh Simpsons get it right sometimes but there's a lot of others that are just like no good not good uh there was one that was really good um it was on Vimeo but I don't know if it exists anymore but somebody did they took uh the song acid story of LSD which is like acid you know it's it's a really acid it's like this jammed out psychedelic song and they changed it to catnip and they did a drug film about catnip that was really good um but I don't know if you can find it anymore uh anyways uh what do we got uh let's and the color in that film was weird like I don't know if you saw it was kind of splotchy that's hard to color correct when you have splotchy color uh let's learn about the story of electricity [Music] enjoy [Music] more than 2500 years ago the ancient Greeks noticed that if a piece of Amber were rubbed it would attract bits of straw or other light objects the Greeks knew of another mineral they called magnet that attracted objects but somewhat differently magnet didn't attract the bits of straw the Amber did even when [Music] rubbed but magnet did attract iron and it would do this even when it wasn't rubbed the Greeks thought these two attractions were related and tried to explain them one explanation involved invisible atoms of which everything was made 20 500 years ago democratus suggested that these atoms go out from the magnet and return to it pulling the attracted things back 1500 years later men discovered a use for one of these effects the mineral magnet tended to line up in a north south Direction and so was useful in telling directions but the Amber effect remained just a curiosity for 400 more years until an English physician William Gilbert suggested in 1600 that magnetism and the Amber effect were actually quite different he invented an instrument which he called a versium and described it make yourself a versium of any medal you like three or four fingers long resting rather lightly on a point for support bring up to one end of it a piece of Amber and the vorum turns immediately many things are seen to attract not just amember hard ceiling wax Diamond Sapphire opal sulfur an even glass Gilbert called all these materials electrics and defined them as things that attract in the same manner as Amber how something must flow out from Amber when it is rubbed like invisible rods which seize and draw lightweight objects after 2,000 years men were at last beginning to study the Amber effect separately separately from magnetism Gilbert had listed glass as an electric and soon other scientists began using it in their electrical experiments in 1732 another Englishman Steven Gray announced a new discovery about electrics the first experiment I made was to see if I could find any difference in the tub's attraction when it was stopped at both ends by corks but upon holding a down feather near the upper end of the tube I found that it would go to the cork being attracted by it just as it was by the tube itself gray was the first person to observe that the Amber effect the ability to attract could be transferred from one object to another touching it experimenting he discovered this ability could be transferred greater and greater distances he added a stick and an ivory ball to the cork tube and the attractive property somehow moved from the glass tube to the Ivory ball he increased The Distance by using string instead of of a stick he used metal foil instead of feathers and it too was attracted to the Ivory ball I then made several attempts to pass this electric property along a horizontal line but not the least sign of attraction was perceived I concluded that when the electric property came to the loop it went up the same to the ceiling so that none or very little of it came down to the ball a friend proposed a silk cord I told him that this support might do better on account of its smallness for then there would be less of the electric property carried away the this time when the electric property was produced by rubbing the tube it got to the Ivory ball gray continued extending the length of the line 80 ft 300 ft 600 ft but now the silk supporting threads began to break under the weight of the long line and they were replaced by support wires made of brass but though the tube was well rubbed this time nothing happened and so Steven Gray discovered something else it wasn't the size of the support cord that was important it was the material substances like silk thread transmitted this electrical ability poorly substances like the brass wire transmitted it well after Gray's Discovery scientist began to speak of some invisible substance moving along these conductors and from Gilbert's word electric they call this invisible substance electricity meanwhile another Englishman Francis hawksby had invented a machine to take the drudgery out of electrical experimentation the glass globe on Hawk's machine could be spun rapidly by means of a crank the rubbing was done just by resting the hand on the spinning globe later experimenters even managed to eliminate the hand a leather pad did the actual rubbing electricity produced by this rubbing would flow up wires to a metal collecting rod on this machine it's a sword and from there it could be made to jump across a small Gap to a person's hand making a spark the next question was could this electricity be stored somehow two men independently arrived at the same idea and tried storing it in a flask of water one of them was a Dutch professor of mathematics Peter Van musen Brook who lived in the town of Liden I am going to tell you about a new but terrible experiment which I advise you not to try for yourself electricity from the spinning globe of a hawksby machine was communicated by chains to a gun barrel from the other end of the Gun Barrel there hung a brass wire which passed into a glass flask partially filled with water with my left hand I attempted to draw Sparks from The Gun Barrel my right hand was struck as if by lightning Peter Van musen Brook of lien had painfully discovered how to store a large amount of electricity in a jar of water later experimenters learned water wasn't necessary electricity could be stored in an empty glass vessel if it were covered inside and out with metal foil and after the town in which it was discovered they call this a lien jar meanwhile in the American colonies another man began experimenting your kind present of an electric tube with directions for using it has put several of us on making electrical experiments I never was before engaged in any study that so totally engrossed my attention and my time the writer of this letter was benjam Franklin in 1747 as Franklin began his studies men already knew that electricity could be produced by rubbing certain kinds of materials together that it could be transferred to other objects that it could be collected in a Liden jar and that it had attractive properties but they also believed there were two different kinds of electricity a few months later Franklin suggested the theory that there is only one kind of electricity and he described an experiment to illustrate that theory if a were to stand on wax and rubber glass tube he will put electrical fire from himself into the glass since his communication with the common stock of electrical fire in the world is cut off by the wax insulator his body will then have a deficiency of electrical fire if B likewise stands on wax when he passes his knuckle along near the tube he will receive the fire which was collected by the glass from a since be's communication with the common stock is likewise cut off by the wax he will retain the additional quantity of electrical fire he received Franklin's IDE idea was that there is only a single electrical fluid the man with a glass tube would now have less than a normal amount of it the man who had touched it would have more but they would both seem electrified to a third man who wasn't insulated from the ground by the wax blocks and therefore has just a normal amount of electrical fire he would receive a spark from the man who had the over quantity and give a spark to the man who had the under quantity but in both cases according to Franklin the electrical fire was the same thing further Franklin was convinced that the tiny spark created in the laboratory was different only in size from the violent lightning and he devised an experiment to demonstrate it using a wire attached to the top of a kite the kite is to be raised when a thunder gust appears to be coming on to the end of The Kite string Franklin tied a key then a silk ribbon to insulate himself from the kite's dring you must stand in a door or window so that the silk ribbon may not be wet from rain as soon as any of the thunderclouds come over the kite the pointed wire will draw the electric fire from them and the kite will be electrified and when the rain has wet the kite and Twine it will stream out plentifully from the key on the approach of your knuckle the electrical fire from the cloud can be stored in a lien jar just as the electric fire from a glass tube can and all electrical experiments can be done with either one thereby the sameness of the electric matter with that of lightning is completely demonstrated it had taken 2,300 years to write the first chapters in the story of electricity from this point on the story raced [Music] forward so I'm from olden times so I speak like this it's it's it's fascinating um not it's an interesting film I like uh explains kind of the thinking about electricity and the trouble people got into so big fan uh so this is going to run over but um I mean gez I think like on Thursday was a two-hour show and Friday was also a two-hour show of Pepto bismo commercial commercials nobody's talked about Pepto bismo in the comments so I guess you guys were all cool with it or you didn't watch it um anyways this is uh part of the series where they look at uh kids and other cultures Circa 1970s um here's eigor in the dancing stallions [Music] it's almost midnight and today has been the saddest day of my life my very favorite horse mtoo is hurt his right leg is bleeding badly and it's my fault [Music] my name is e l and I'm 16 years old I'm in real trouble my teacher Mr Panic is very angry with me I work under his direction as an apprentice stable boy and the worst thing we can do is not take proper care of our [Music] horses Mrs ponic is very kind she says not to worry but M Doo could be seriously hurt and may not be able to perform ever again a week ago everything was fine I work at the renowned lip stud Farm in Yugoslavia where for 2 years I've been learning to ride and train the White Dancing stallions that our country is famous for Yugoslavia is a beautiful European country which borders on the Adriatic Sea and lipit is a very tiny village in the north only a few kilometers from the Italian border I first got interested in horses almost 10 years ago I was only 7 years old and my uncle zaro knew one of the trainers at the lipit farm so I was able to get really close to the horses they were so beautiful even then I knew I wanted to work with horses today our farm has over 200 horses 20 of them perform in our daily shows and each year 30 to 40 new courts are born [Applause] here [Music] come misto is now 7 years old he's both gentle and adventurous and I like spending time with him more than anything [Music] else [Music] every morning at 8 my teacher and I work with M Doo Mr Panik is a master horse trainer and Rider and together we are training M Doo to perform dress Al Al R is a form of Horse and Rider dancing where the horse performs intricate movements in response to very subtle signals from the Rider by 9 I helping prepare the horses for the dressar show that we put on for the public twice a day each of the riders in the Dr show started as a stable boy like myself [Music] it's a real privilege working with Mr pan he won the Dr championship of Yugoslavia 11 times there's nobody in the country who knows more about horsemanship than he does he is 72 years old and my girlfriend Natasha my friend EO and I love hearing about his [Music] adventures started in Italy in the 16th century this year is the 400th anniversary of our stud farm and the celebrations will attract people from all over the world Mr Panik says that I'll soon be ready to ride in our shows here at Liza and if I work very hard I might even be able to ride in the special performance that will Mark our 400th anniversary one of the hardest resar movements to teach a horse is the lavada where the horse stands upright on [Music] feet besides learning TR I also lead rides for the many tourists who come to visit [Music] [Applause] Li foreign speee [Music] spee [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] more water [Music] [Music] can we have a for our guy eego [Music] Tomorrow there's going to be a traditional old style wedding in piran 70 km away on the coast they've asked us to furnish a carriage for the bride and groom and Mr Panik says this is a perfect opportunity for me to learn to drive a two inhand team [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] for [Applause] [Music] got yes [Music] [Applause] [Music] for [Music] [Applause] [Music] you [Music] you you you this morning Mr Panik had very bad news for M too and me we won't be able to ride in the celebration I was really counting on it but there's not enough room for all of us and I'm the youngest [Music] Apprentice Natasha feels as badly about what happened as I do but she thinks that maybe we can change our luck deep in the caves near here there is supposed to be a Magic Spring the caves are dangerous and it's only a legend but people say that drinking the water from the spring brings Good [Music] Fortune fore foree speech speech [Music] [Music] [Music] that's stes of to [Music] go C is [Music] up go [Music] [Applause] [Music] Igor [Music] easha Co [Music] for [Music] for the vet says m is very lucky it's just a flesh wound he'll limp for a while and will have to be very careful that he doesn't get infected he's going to be all right but Mr Panic is very upset hiso won't be able to perform in the celebrations and I'll be lucky to keep my job they hey breathing they that [Music] bull aome Bome [Music] goome [Music] preech [Music] uh Co he that's that's that's [Music] you keep oh yeah there's the my teacher has noticed that misto has recovered very quickly he says I've done well and because misto and I work so well together he wants us to ride in the celebration Mr Panik says that everyone makes mistakes misto and I are very happy and we won't let him [Music] down [Music] we [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Applause] [Music] spe [Music] [Applause] spe [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] all [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] spe [Music] [Applause] [Music] you [Music] right little narrative there we weren't sure what was going to happen with eagor with the horse um little bit of Magic Springs in a cave uh all that stuff fascinating um and of course Yugoslavia does not exist anymore it has been subdivided into separate little countries of which this one was I guess based in Slovenia which is not the same as Slovakia Slovakia is part of what used to be Czechoslovakia different very different um but thanks for tuning in today and we'll be back again tomorrow live if you like what you saw hit the thumbs up hit the like button you can donate uh via the super thanks Super Chat button in um YouTube chats you can also or the comments you can also go to kfi.com avgeeks or patreon.com avgeeks or just watch other films that we have in our collection we added a bunch a bunch of Silent footage but uh some of it is incredibly meditative I've added a a a projector soundtrack in the background so it's kind of it might be something you can watch uh when you want to kind of relax and tune out and eventually fall asleep but thanks again we will see you tomorrow bye everybody it's good to see you bye