AV Geeks 16mm Lunch 11-25-2024

now Kodak now Kodak through photography brings you this edition of the screen News Digest now Kodak through photography brings you this edition of the screen News Digest now Kodak through photography brings you this edition of the screen News Digest now Kodak through photography brings you this edition of the screen News Digest hello everybody uh this is Skip Alzheimer welcome to the avgeeks lunchtime streaming show where uh let me mute this this is I guess I didn't realize that this had a soundtrack to it this little clip at the beginning anyways I'm skip Alzheimer this is the a geks lunchtime streaming show we watch old films I'm outside it's nice out um doing this before it gets excuse me gray and rainy which is going to happen later this week all right let's uh let's watch uh fog firefighters enjoy [Music] [Applause] [Music] the new proven method of fighting fire is with food Machinery Corporation high-press fog firefighters they are self-contained and can be mounted on most one and 1/2 ton chassis many fire departments have used them for several years and have shown unusual reductions in Fire and Water losses this FMC High Press fog firefighter truck made over 200 fire runs in a thickly settled Township in 1944 including runs outside the township 15 Mi distance the truck has a high-press pump two hose lines Two Fire guns and a 400g water tank and accessories FMC High Press fog for firefighting was originated by the John Bean manufacturing company and from research work and actual firefighting the most efficient pressure is proven to B 800 lb at the pump delivering 600 lb or more at the gun 800 lb pump pressure atomizes water into its greatest heat absorbing condition and discharges it with penetrating velocity so that each gallon gives maximum quenching without waste and with practically no water damage it is the 600 lb pressure at the gun that makes the fog this shows the effectiveness of two hose lines working side by side and MC highpressure fog firefighter truck can be manned by two or three men this fog stream shows carrying power and when used at closer ranges it has needed penetration to reach base of the Flames yet it still is fog when it comes in contact with flames there are many variations of the fog setting three important ones are the powerful distance stream the middle width fog for hot fires and the wide dense fog for close work the settings are made by turning the gun barrel with left hand the 600 lb discharge pressure because of more than 800 lb pressure at the pump is proven by years of service this demonstration was put on by the Michigan firment Association at Marine City Michigan the building was 20x 30 ft 10 ft high and was filled with inflammable materials such as Furniture orange crates and so forth and had a tar paper roof oil and gasoline were used to ignite it the picture shows intense heat and full flame just about as much heat and Flame as you could have in a building of that size notice the way the firemen approached the fire and watch them change the shape of the fog hundreds of actual fires like this one are fought annually with quick knockdowns and practically no water damage because of the greater firefighting efficiency of high pressure the fire was knocked down in 10 seconds and the whole fire was out in 25 seconds with only 25 Gall of water remember the standard truck tank will hold 400 gallons of water the big advantage of going into action instantly on arrival and carrying your own water saves 2 or 3 minutes at the critical point of the fire the 800 lb pump pressure gives you a combination of finely atomized water and high velocity one gallon of this water properly used has fire quenching possibilities many times that of low press water Kent County Michigan uses five FMC High Press fog firefighters with the result that total losses have been cut to under 10% compared with the recent all over total loss in one state not using high pressure of approximately 74% the house with the the Upper Front roof gone is a typical stop of a bad fire by using FMC highpressure fog the fog firefighter made an 8m run to find the upper part a massive flame but quickly knocked it down with 100 Gall of water the fog goes in the fire goes out there's nothing else it can do in November 1944 John Bean Manufacturing company staged these demonstrations before hundreds of interested New York and Pennsylvania firemen at Endicott New York this old five room house Tinder dry was set on fire four times with gasoline and oil the final big all over fire was knocked down in about a minute with 70 gallons of water two endicot firemen who had never before used high pressure proved the fast attack easy movability and quick quenching of this system with high pressure the fireman goes right in with confidence he knows he's going to extinguish the Flames quickly high pressure appeals to Insurance men particularly because it practically eliminates water damage in this endicot fire there was no water in the cellar after all the fires had been put out on these various structural fires you have noticed intense flame and heat the fire killing action of the fog may not show except in the Speedy manner in which the fire goes out one man can handle the gun on a ladder or roof by himself in no case has the fireman hesitated about approaching the fire and he is doing fast efficient work yet something that any fireman can do without fear when working behind the dense fine fog of FMC high pressure you can have hot fires in a very small space with FMC equipment the firman is protected against the Heat and can move right up to the fire several different actions take place with high press fog the fog blasts the flame away from the burning material cools the material rapidly due to the finess of the fog which absorbs more heat per gallon of water and the fog turns into steam creating a smothering action remember that even with a long distance carrying stream the water becomes fog upon striking the burning materials this fine fog blows smoke away and absorbs considerable smoke and gas the FMC fog firefighter is ready for use immediately upon arrival at the fire it takes just a few seconds to throw the pump in gear and the pressure is at the gun when the fireman is ready to use it both Army and Navy found FMC High Press fog for plane prist fires faster for firefighting and rescue work you will notice in the following fires that one fireman will use the dense close-up fog and another one on the same fire will use the longer distance setting yet both of them are effective the longer one is used when necessary to allow the fireman to stay a little further away from the Heat or to reach distant fires many fires in closed rooms in houses or basements can me knocked down from the outside without firemen taking all the Heat and smoke practice fires were built for Army and Navy instructors here you see them approaching the Flames with high pressure guns affording them protection while killing the fire high pressure makes possible Fast close attacks on sizable fires fires in Smoke and gas filled rooms can be put out from openings at some distance from the flame without flooding because the fog can be driven right to the flame FMC firefighters can handle any typ fire many of these oil pit fires were extinguished with three gallons of water or less several oil pits at andot New York were filled with acetone magnesium filings and shavings cutting oil and crank case oil and ignited high pressure fog through the action of instant ously turning into steam quickly absorbs heat and lowers temperature of material below the combustion point one oil pit was 65 ft in width and contained 500 Gall of inflammable materials it was put out in 2 and 1 half minutes and reignited and put out again water can be used from any available Source fire hydrants systemns lakes or streams all you have to do is get the suction line to it and start pumping imagine filling a room with fog like this the fire just can't help but go out automobile and truck fires are easy for FMC high pressure fog high pressure is a special advantage in the case of brush grass and forest fires the self-contained unit can move speedily into the field with its own water supply FMC high-press fog firefighters have won the confidence and endorsement of fire authorities and users for using less water doing a quicker job affording sure protection and practically eliminating water [Music] damage a big fan of uh advertisements for fire uh fighting technology Circa 1950s um yeah all right all right so uh at some point Encyclopedia Britannica acquired a bunch of films from the company uh Emerson and many of them were these biographies of uh American heroes and so this is uh one of those uh this is about Lewis and Clark enjoy [Music] to the average American of 1800 the West Was a void a black land of desolation from when no man fool hearty enough to March into it might return but two Americans did lead a party into the bleakness setting down the f of the Wilderness binding the continent from Ocean to Ocean with the truth these leaders were marow weather Lewis and William Clark together they unveiled America's Destiny William Clark was born in 1770 in Alber Marl County Virginia following in the footsteps of his older brother George Rogers Clark conqueror of the Revolutionary Northwest William Clark became a lieutenant in the army of the United States marow weather Lewis was born in 1700 74 at Locust Hill the family Plantation which was not far from the home of Thomas Jefferson as a youngster Lewis loved to ramble about in the wilderness both Lewis and Clark served under General Anthony Wayne who trained his troops to a fine point for Wilderness fighting in 1800 Thomas Jefferson then president of the United States appointed Captain LS to be his personal secretary full salutation Lewis you know you you um you've been most Melancholy these past few days my boy I didn't realize that oh you didn't realized that I I hadn't forgotten that little plan of ours tell me leis do you think it's really possible that there are prehistoric mammoths out there out where Mr President why out west of course beyond the Mississippi in the emperor Napoleon's territory I've heard that a huge mountain of pure salt lies out in that Wilderness you may be the first white man to ever see that Wonder Mr President you mean the Expedition yes leis finally the expedition to the West you would love to take long walks by yourself in the forest I mean for you to have your fill of them you can't know what this means to me not half of what it can mean to your country leis your job will be to command a core of discovery to find the best land route to the Pacific you will map the land's topography and note its plant animal and mineral resources you will bring this government into touch with the Indians of the West and help divert the fur trade but Mr President the land belongs to France not for long I hope and most of the trade is being done by the British from Canada we'll take it from the British and divert it down the Missouri River to St Louis that's why your party will travel up the Missouri and find its source oh by the way Louis do you know any Hardy Souls who might go with you particularly a man to share your command well there's a Moses hook lieutenant in the Infantry he's a good man but Billy Clark the old redhead there's a natural leader for you and none better when it comes to maps and sketching not George Clark's brother with one of those Welshman with you you needn't worry about a hay Mammoth it had turn tail and run for its life Jefferson prevailed upon Congress to appropriate the sum of $2,500 for the purpose of extending the external Commerce of the United States and in 183 Lewis and Clark began to mold a group of 37 men into a core of Discovery while Lewis set about purchasing supplies Clark trained the small Force at Camp River dubuis near the mouth of the Missouri River now Shannon there's your musket cleaned now you clean mine Captain Clark sir I don't think I'll ever get it right Captain sir M I be taking young Shannon and working with the bprivate like a dirt dead soldier very well Patty sir Come On Me by old Patty will see you finish your lesson Captain Bill Captain Billy Captain Lewis is here he says send him in to help him unload supplies he said hurry hurry all right York all right Hard Away do yard Captain Billy Captain sir that fool Captain Lew done brought all matter of fool thing with him from St Louis M how are you sure good to see you back did you see them transfer the territory at St Louis oh that I did first from Spain to France then from France United States all in a matter of 2 days very formal but the land is ours Yahoo Jefferson it the core Discovery won't need passports now that's Yankee land and all for $15 million the Louisiana Purchase and uh what did the captain bring back this time to overload the boats and break our backs on the trails oh mostly Indian presence this time tomahawks Red Flannel Combs butcher knives four dozen of them 8 and2 lbs of red beads and 73 Bunches of assorted beads 15 dozen scissors 2800 assorted Fish Hooks just a few odds and ends I know I know one of the most important missions of this journey is to make a good impression on the Indians build up a happy trade with them and to keep the men happy I managed to bring our total supply of whiskey up to 30 gallons that should get us well started by the way Captain Lewis I got a letter from the war office good they finally got around to recommissioning you as a captain not as a captain as a lieutenant and the artillery what look here M you said we'd be co-c commanders on this campaign well that's the way I've always spoken of it that's the way the men think of you youve just as much Authority as I Billy and that's the way it stays Captain with quotation marks around it eh I picked you Billy because I knew you could lead I'm depending on you Captain you've got the confidence of the men together as co-c commanders we'll get to that Western Ocean and Back Again agreed agreed by the way how's the work coming with the boats oh very well the Pau is almost finished the two perog are already in Waiting May 14th 18004 the Lewis and Clark expedition started up The Wide Missouri it moved Upstream through the last outposts of white man Civilization by October the party had reached a point 50 Mi north of modernday bismar North Dakota Lewis and Clark selected this site for winter Quarters here they built Fort Mandan and waited waited for the spring and here they found shano a Frenchman and his wife saaka joia a shash Indian girl see say it squ see that's enough Squall man oh but of course cab still shabo does not understand she is but a square among the Indians she is less than nothing at the most property and Sack as you owes me much she's a sh girl who knows what might have happened to her if it had not been for me a loving oan but I am a weak man that cannot stand to see suffering her body is covered with the marks of your beatings well I I have shortcomings but as you have said I might be valuable to you as an interpreter still I don't know I don't like to be tied down perhaps some uh little incentive say $25 a month Oh Captain Louie that is a very fine Affair you hear s $25 a month how valuable is your husband no your wife will accompany us sharbono she'll be able to interpret for us when we reach the land of the shonis oh very very true very true indeed she can roll and carry and uh she can stand very much no oh no little pomp what's the trouble huh don't you worry s s I'm going to call you Jamie don't you worry sag don't you worry we're going to fix up PP in no time yes we better take good care of while we can next winter instead of bringing people into the world you may be ushering them out spring 18005 the core of Discovery started again up the Missouri next stop the Pacific Ocean every foot of the way was set down by William Clark every object of Interest everything that went to make up this vast new land was noted carefully by Merryweather Lewis and every stroke of the ore seemed to enrage the Missouri they would not be denied they made the boats move always Upstream always ahead when they needed smaller craft they hollowed canoes out of the forests every new mark on the map was etched in hardship and anxiety courage they put names on the land and Waters past Maria's River onto the Great Falls and then to the Dilemma of the Three Forks they called them the Gallatin Madison and Jefferson rivers and went up the Jefferson Fork coming in sight of the great mountains that divide a continent the Rockies here they met the first Indians since leaving the mandans in Spring they were hopeful of Aid I told you Jenny there would come in handy when we found the Shon I'm amazed Sak jaia can still talk to her people she certainly wasn't any help when it came to finding their Villages how's your rheumatism Billy well it'll be fine if Janie can talk Kam a wait and to give us some horses and some help getting over those mountains what's she talking about shabono well shabono does not understand Shi talk what I told her to tell the Shian about the great white father to the east the blessings of the white man's trade the usual I'm beginning to feel like a drummer selling his Wares every time we sit down with the Indians it's the same sales talk over again jards outside giving the Braves gifts they should have a big effect with this tribe they never seen a white man before or a firearm of any sort and the shonis are a hungry bunch and no match for the black feet they don't even get their fair share of Buffalo if they could trade with the states they'd have a chance to prosper and sharo what's the matter no it is not possible what are you talking about gentlemen I am the usban royalty Sak we up you will not believe this long ago she was kidnapped as you know but she did not know or remember her position she is the sister to the shiftan come way why then Janie can get us what we want oh we no no although k e will probably do as she asks she has no real standing but she's his sister Seto but Sak still on squ with the help of Saka jia's tribe the party obtained horses and guidance up up and over the Rocky Mountains they found the beginnings of the river that could carry them Downstream down to the Pacific the men were heartened the rest of the journey would be downhill but difficult as the Journey up the Missouri had been it was nothing to the harrowing trip down these roaring cataracts through the country of the NES Pur down Snake River into the Colombia down hly Rapids past Mount Adams in the Cascades and out out to the ocean yes there came the day when William Clark wrote in his journal ocean in view winter 18005 the core of Discovery on the Pacific Shore near the mouth of the Columbia River Fort clup was built and the men waited I say marrier Billy what Judy Hancock marry her much better than naming Rivers after her an honor she may never hear of I'll marry her and name Rivers after her you're an incurable Optimist Billy there'll be a ship wrong any day now to pick us up the president knows it's about do you really expect a ship no it's been deadly dull for months not enough happening not to tobacco no meat Fort clatz up clat up have you ever heard a name with fewer possibilities than Clatsop don't worry you won't be here much longer I've started planning a trip back home on foot but we haven't any horses that's what I said on foot private Shannon reporting sir relieved of the watch what do you have to report Shannon nothing sir and a great deal of it I might Dad you can take a report back to the men for us tell them so far the trip has been easy if they can stay alive during the walk back home again then they've passed the real test March 23rd 18006 the core of Discovery walked away from the Pacific Ocean its goal the Atlantic back back they toiled along the Colombia and Over the Rockies Clark took one party down the Yellowstone River to further explore and map possible routs of travel Lewis took another party on toward the Missouri at the juncture of the Yellowstone and Missouri the parties met and continued to Fort mandam only 1600 mil to St Louis but back at Locust Hill marow weather Lewis mother received a caller an old neighbor and Good Friend Lucy I have a conscience has been bothering me about your son and about yourself have have you heard anything definite nothing only that Indian rumor has it that the party was last seen crossing the Rocky Mountains heading for the ocean to the west and that news who knows how old it is no believe me Mr President I hold no false hopes you know Lucy those two young men aren't the first I've sent to pry the lid off the Wilderness but in this case I I feel I've sent men very dear to me and to what fate torture starvation death did I do wrong Lucy to send your young man no Tom you gave Maryweather and William a chance for greatness a chance to make their country great thank you my dear and may God prove all our fears to be foolish for if Lewis and Clark are on their way home they'll travel faster than rumor [Music] itself listen do M they sound happier than we do St Louis Billy they've got a right to be happy it's all over no more rotted elk skin clothing no more Choke Cherry Root medicine no more core of Discovery we did it m and now I'm going to get married Judy Hancock here I come I'll go on to Washington and present our reports to President Jefferson I just can't believe it look here M it's all over with the shouting what we did only needs doing once thank heaven it is together that we remember Lewis and Clark for together they unveiled America's Destiny and strengthened the claim of the United States to the Pacific Northwest neither could have done it alone [Music] Accents in there I mean I'm not good at doing accents so but yeah that was um I don't know the level of that acting was was not great but there you go you got a bunch of these that were made for a variety of different uh historical figures us historical figures and uh I don't know I might show more in the future um with equally bad accents uh so I know it's been a while since we've shown a film about steel um you know we were there was a period of time that it was like every day we were watching from U something from us steel or about steel um but yeah uh this one is I think Bethlehem Steel and uh it's about earthquakes enjoy [Music] [Applause] man has always been a builder [Music] yes man has always been a builder but his structures have endured only when the materials he used were able to resist the forces of nature most of those forces we have found it easy to comprehend the wind the Sun the rain and the snow so understanding them we have built our shelters against them simply at first then as we acquired new skills and Imagination with increasing Comfort grace and beauty and with each Advance we might say to ourselves this is good this is beautiful [Music] and this is durable but always as we built we took one thing for granted the Earth beneath our feet the solid earth in which our structures were anchored but the Earth cannot be taken for granted for sometimes in unexpected places and without a moment's warning our seemingly solid earth will heave and twist and strain wrenching our homes in its violent spasm filling our minds with helpless fear leaving behind its hideous desolation desolation we have seen so many times and in so many places San Francisco Seattle Santa Barbara Long Beach Helena Manila Tokyo toah Hatchy Arvin Bakersfield and countless others around the world where next where no we can only guess if this be our fearful threat where then shall we find our answer we found our answer in the Earth itself for while the Earth May tremble and Quake beneath our feet it also yields the rich ore from which we take our iron out of the iron we make our steel and out of the steel we create the strength to support our buildings yes even against the shock of earthquakes for while the Earth shock can play Havoc with those buildings which are poorly designed or built of insubstantial materials there have been many examples that structures built of steel or reinforced with steel have been able to withstand the shock of earthquake one such example was the famous Old Ferry Building of San Francisco framed with steel this venerable Landmark was one of the buildings to survive the earthquake of 196 with but minor damage to the Tower in the Pacific Northwest a convincing example was the Smith which with its steel construction with stood the earthquake of 1949 in Long Beach California the beautiful Villa Riviera constructed of Steel was a notable survivor of the earthquake of [Music] 1933 and in Arvin California the Arvin high school with its modern steel reinforced construction suffered only minimum damage in the severe to Hatchi shocks of 1952 what a contrast to the Cummings Valley School not far away which lacking such strength was reduced to Rubble by the very same earthquake one does not like to think of children trapped in a collapsing [Music] Schoolhouse from such convincing evidence we have the proof that steel is an important factor in the construction of earthquake resistant buildings but in order to understand why we must know something about the nature of earthquakes themselves to begin with movements of some kind are going on in the earth's Crest somewhere all the time movements which in their own way are as Restless as the changing tides of the sea many of these movements are so minor that we ourselves do not feel them but we know they're going on because our sensitive recording instruments constantly tell us so on the other hand there are movements so strong and violent that we do feel them and very [Music] sharply many of these movements have taken place along the Pacific coast a region which to many people has become known as the earthquake belt of North America let it not be assumed however that earthquakes are confined to this so-called earthquake belt actually earthquakes have occurred in every state the strongest shocks of record in the United States occurred in 1811 and 1812 in Missouri another earthquake originating in South Carolina in 1886 was felt 1,000 M away earthquakes are no respector of locality they occur because of some slipping or rupturing within the Earth and this produces a fault sometimes these Faults Are even visible on the Earth's surface surface such as the famous San Andreas Fault in California it was the slipping along this fault which caused the San Francisco earthquake of 196 and several later ones as well sometimes too an earthquake May cause cracks or fissures at the Earth's surface at one location the tahachi Quake of 1952 created a crack nearly 6 ft wide and 6 ft deep a surface indication of some rupturing deep below and it is there that our story lies the Earth as we generally understand it has three layers the outer crust the mantle and the core the otter Crest upon which we live has an average depth of 20 to 30 Mi beneath this crust is the mantle extending to a depth of about 1,700 mil and Beyond the mantle lies the core extending about 2,150 Mi to the center of the earth now as already mentioned we know that movements are taking place constantly in the earth's Crest and mantle as the movements continue stresses are built up until at some weak point the Earth's crust is overstressed and a sudden shearing or slipping failure occurs it is the sudden release of stress by the slip that produces the earthquake from this Subterranean rupture vast amounts of energy are released which radiate in all directions through the Earth's crust mantle and core these radiations are called seismic waves by studying these waves we learn much about the origin and intensity of the earthquake shock such studies are made that seismological Laboratories located at strategic points throughout the world where seismic waves whenever they occur are scientifically recorded on sensitive instruments known as seismographs the various seismological Laboratories by pooling their information can trace the origin of the shock and plot the degree of strain caused by the earthquake as well as its aftershocks the seismograph is but one of many delicate instruments which tell of movements in the earth's structure one unique instrument for instance has been installed in a tunnel under the San Gabriel mountains of Southern California a device so designed as to measure long-term strains in the earth's [Music] Crest as these strains accumulate the resulting movements too slight to be seen with a naked eye can be measured and recorded and it is hoped that such findings may make it possible some day actually to forecast when and where earthquakes will occur also a special type of seismic graph so sensitive a breath can set it in motion is used to measure the actual movement at the Earth's surface during an earthquake and its after shocks with data gathered in this and other ways scientists are able to recreate the movement and behavior of earthquakes long past for example a mechanical device Dev which simulates the ground motion of the Long Beach Quake of 1933 is used to illustrate how buildings react under varying loads in addition to studying earthquakes which have actually occurred scientists also learn from purely hypothetical Quakes at one California University itself a victim of the 196 earthquake a mechanical test creating shocks of varying degrees of intensity helps to determine how structures will react to possible future earthquakes this study is all the more significant because the test structure is an actual scale model of an actual Building located at Bush and Montgomery streets in San Francisco the Alexander building a slender 16-story structure built on a framework of Steel like its laboratory model the building itself is furthering earthquake research for sensitive instruments to measure accelerations due to shock have been installed in the building at several different levels with the aid of these instruments it is possible to study the building's reaction to the forces created by earthquake movements whenever they occur these of course are only a few examples of many typ types of research going forward all the time and we have learned from such research that different types of buildings react in different ways to earthquake shocks these differences can be illustrated by comparing the reactions of a low structure a tall slender structure and an L-shaped structure in the case of the low structure when the Earth's movement causes the base to move the roof because of its inertia tends to lag behind behind and does not immediately follow the ground its weight therefore creates considerable stress in the members connecting the floor to the roof the resulting strains known as shearing strains may cause the structure to collapse unless the members are properly braced and tied together with a tall slender structure experiencing the same ground movements the building oscillates causing various bends consequently the frame must have sufficient flexibility to permit the structure to assume the distorted shapes without such resilience the structure will suffer excessive damage in the L-shaped structure if the ground movement is parallel to One Wing this Wing because of its length may have considerable resistance to the shock but the other Wing is broadside to the movement and consequently will deflect more the unequal deflection between the two Wings will cause a twisting action and if the building is not properly braced and tied together this twisting or torsion may cause failure at the junction of the two Wings obviously if buildings are to withstand these destructive forces they must be constructed of suitable materials materials which will not f it is for this reason that steel and steel reinforced materials have become the key to earthquake resistant construction for steel is tough it has two qualities highly essential to earthquake resistance strength and ductility ductility is the ability of a material to undergo Distortion that is to absorb energy without breaking steel has this ability an actual load Test shows that a load of 5,000 lb is well within the elastic limit of this particular Beam for when the pressure is removed the beam immediately returns to its original form [Music] even when pushed Beyond its elastic limit steel can sustain great loads in this particular test a load as high as 68,000 lb distorts the beam considerably but in spite of this The Beam still holds so steel has not only ductility it also has strength strength which is measured by its ability to withstand tension compression and sheer stresses and it has the ability to impart strength to other materials concrete is a good example here a transparent form makes it possible to see how steel reinforcing bars are placed to best impart their strength to a concrete beam [Music] from this reinforcement the beam will gain both sheer strength and tension strength this can be shown by making a comparative test of two concrete beams of exactly the same Dimension the first beam reinforced with steel the second unreinforced the pressure is applied equally on both beams at a load of 5,000 lb the unreinforced concrete is shattered while a steel reinforced beam has sustained only minor cracks as the load increases the damage becomes visible but the beam will not give way even at 30,00 lb it will not give way simply because of the strength of its reinforcing steel perhaps no one knows this better than a wrecking crew engaged in demolishing old buildings if the walls are not reinforced whether they be of brick stone concrete or any other material they can be brought down without much difficulty but if those walls be reinforced with steel the Wreckers have a bigger job on their hands it will take a tremendous amount of battering to even chip the walls away and even then the steel still holds the only way it can be removed finally is with the Chisel or cutting [Music] torch yes steel has both both strength and ductility but even these qualities were not enough to save a steel elevated water tank in the Tahachapi earthquake its collapse came about because although built of Steel it was not properly designed to resist earthquakes as another example a brand new High School in Helena Montana Only 1 month old collapsed in the earthquake of 1935 it was a partially steel reinforced building but again not designed to resist earthquakes otherwise it might be standing today there are many aspects of good design but in so far as earthquake resistance is concerned one fact is of prime importance the various components of any building must be tied together in such a way as to provide structural continuity structural continuity would be entirely lacking for instance in a platform resting on four UPR lights but not fastened to them such a structure might support a sizable load but only so long as the force of the load continued to be vertical if the structure were subjected to a horizontal force in as much as its parts are not tied together it would simply topple suppose however that platform and uprights are fastened together and partially braced now the structure offers some resistance to horizontal movement but not enough resistance to withstand twisting or torsion so that again the structure will fail it is only when all members are properly tied together on all sides that the structure achieves true continuity and the strength to resist movement from any and all directions perhaps a more homely illustration is the simple cardboard carton with its lid open the carton offers Little Resistance to outside pressures but if the lid is closed and securely fastened the carton has strength to resist forces from any direction the lid forms what is known in structural design as a diaphragm which when properly tied in gives strength to the hole in much the same way a building derives strength from its floors and roof for these are the diaphragms of the building but as in the case of the cardboard carton these diaphragms must be tied in properly in order to provide a maximum of structural continuity here again is one of the advantages of Steel for in addition to its strength and ductility steel is workable it can be fashioned and fitted in countless ways which not only facilitate construction but make it possible to achieve complete structure natural continuity much of this is done before the steel even reaches the construction site at the fabricating Works where steel is fabricated into convenient units units which because they're properly engineered will give a building the strength it needs to resist the forces of earthquake [Music] oh [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] thanks to such modern techniques intricate Assemblies of every size and description can be fabricated and transported to the construction site where erection time is saved because of the work already done at the shop base plates are fastened to their anchor bolts columns and girders are fitted into place [Applause] [Music] and as the building grows each member is tied into other members so that finally all units are integrated into one endless continuity it is from this continuity and from the strength of its steel that the building deres the ability to resist even the shock of earthquake and it is fortunate indeed that the strength toughness and ductility of Steel can be given to many materials which otherwise might be weak or brittle concrete is only one example with steel reinforcement the beauty and utility of brick can be used in new and safer [Music] ways glass becomes stronger and safer plaster acquires form and durability and masonry is given a dimension of strength and continuity which the material alone cannot provide with the aid of steel nails clips and bolts wooden structures acquire the same essential continuity even buildings with many openings and large areas of glass can withstand shock if they're properly designed and constructed for each material has its purpose and for all building materials there is one common denominator steel nor have we seen the limits of what we can do public-spirited men everywhere are working constantly to advance our knowledge of earthquakes of earthquake resistant design and construction geologists scientists Structural Engineers research Engineers Architects earthquake men and building men the knowledge they contribute is vital to our wellfare but that knowledge alone is not enough it must be followed by public understanding in public [Music] action so it is that public officials all over the country are reexamining their building codes and causing codes to be revised codes which will protect the people of their communities not only against fire flood and storm but against the unpredictable threat of earthquake through sensible compliance with these codes many communities have caused schools and other buildings to be abandoned solely because of unsafe design or Construction C many communities realizing the danger in overhanging parapets and other Gingerbread Construction have enacted legislation requiring them to be remedied or removed and with good wisdom for even if the building stands its unsupported parapets and ornamentation are more than likely to be shaken down when the earthquake strikes and beware to those Below in the city of Los Angeles the building code requires that some types of parapets be removed and replaced with steel reinforced Bond beans which when tied into the main structure reduce hazards and often give additional strength to the building removal is not always required however for with certain types of parapets it is possible to tie them into the structure with steel bracing thus reducing the accident Hazard so we know what we must do we must make our homes and our buildings safe we must build them soundly to give them lasting strength and those entrusted with public responsibility must see that proper codes are not only enacted but also enforced for while we cannot yet predict when or where the next earthquake will strike we know that with wisdom foresight and continuing research we can arm ourselves against it we can use our weapon steel and when we use it wisely even the earthquake will lose its Terror our people will be safe and secure steel yeah it's been a while welcome back steel uh yeah so uh fascinating film um dated of course but uh in hindsight gives us some 2020 about um earthquakes in California and in San Francisco um but uh yeah uh thanks for tuning in today very much appreciate your eyeballs and your comments uh this week is a it's going to be a weird week uh I think we're going to pre-record Thursday and Friday I'm just going to take a break but we'll still 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