AV Geeks 16mm Lunch 11-18-2025

Hi everybody. I'm Skip Alzheimer and look who's joining me. It's Ayana. Hey, we're upstairs uh at the archive and uh so slowly kind of cleaning up all the dust. and debris and trying to get things back rolling in this space. It's going to take a couple weeks, I think, but we'll be here at some point. But anyways, I'm here. So, um, Ayanna, do you like diet soda? >> I love diet. [laughter] >> Do No. Yeah, I actually do really like diet soda. >> So, this film that I'm showing is the first diet soda that was ever made in the United States. It was called Dietri Riot Cola and it was made by RC and uh this came out in the mid50s. Uh so here it is. Here's the story. Enjoy. The great writer Victor Hugo said, "There is one thing stronger than all the armies in the world, and that is an idea whose time has come." And I think Mr. Hugo would agree that here is an idea whose time has come and is truly in the soft drink industry a major breakthrough. >> [music] [music] >> I don't know how Victor Hugo knew that the time for an idea had come, but I had help. Some hats put me on the right track. You see, they can talk to me. >> Well, of course we can, darling. >> They help me with my work. You see, I'm a flavor chemist. I work at making soft drinks taste better. Heaps better, darling. That was your big breakthrough. >> You developed Dietright Cola, a great new drink. All we did was tell you what we wanted. We spoke for the people, you might say. >> We told you, Oliver, that the country was ready for a special new soft drink, and you made the scientific breakthrough. They all were calorie conscious. Overnight, it seemed almost everybody in the country went on a diet of some sort, or at least intended to. >> Doctors put a lot of their patients on low calorie diets to watch [music] their weight. >> Some diets were enforced. Some diets were ignored. Everywhere you turned, there were people either dieting or cutting sugar out of their daily food because their dentist suggested it >> or because they were concerned about their teenage complexions. >> Those that weren't watching their diets felt they ought to be. >> That was our contribution to Oliver's big breakthrough. We told him the time was ripe for a sugarless, low calorie drink, and Oliver did it. As far as flavor chemistry went, it was a major breakthrough. And this is it. Dietright cola. First of all, it's a cola drink. The drink that most people prefer. And it tastes good. >> We told you it had to taste good. >> That's right. And not only that, it contains only one calorie in each 6 serving. Just the thing for my patient. >> So easy on your figure. And no sugar at all. We worked on this new drink for seven years here in the Royal Crown Cola Flavor Laboratory. And by the way, don't tell the hats, but I'm not the only one that worked on Diet Right Cola. I'm just the only one they could talk to. They like to brag about me. But the real breakthrough in making the taste right was only the beginning of the Diet Right Cola story. I'd like to tell you about it and about how my talking hats helped out. >> Yeah, tell them about how we helped out. To start at the beginning, Royal Crown Cola had begun making diet right back in 1954. Only then it was a specialized dietetic drink. We put it out in cans. It contained no sugar, but did contain about 12 calories and frankly the taste left something to be desired. But it served its purpose. People on diets, people who couldn't use sugar, at least had a soft drink available when they wanted a refresher. My job was to make it a better drink, particularly a better tasting drink. That's how I began talking to Hats. I remember the first time one spoke to me. I was working very late one night trying a new combination of ingredients and processes. This particular batch had no calories, no sugar, and darn little taste either. It was late. I was tired. And I was just thinking, why not keep what we have? After all, how many people really care? That's when I heard the voice. >> Well, darling, I care. Try something else. >> I was so played [music] out that it took me a minute to realize it was a woman's hat talking. You really can't give up, Oliver. Too many people want what you're making. >> I don't yet know how the hat got in the lab, but there it was talking to me. It seemed only polite to answer. >> Don't be selfish, Oliver. >> I'm not being selfish. I'm just tired. 3 years and I still can't get exactly the taste I want. It's either sugar or calories. Why should I go on? Because there are lots of girls like me that don't fit in that old size 12 anymore. We want that drink you're making. >> Haven't made it yet. >> You will. It's got to taste real good. See, but not add any weight to the old frame. >> Now, who's being selfish? >> Well, it's not just for me, darling. I have kids, too. The littlest fills up on sweets and then won't eat anything at meal time. >> You have a point. I'll try again. >> And my oldest has a definite teenage complexion. So, it isn't for me that I'm asking. You keep working. And mark my words, you'll be plenty surprised how important that sugar-free drink will be someday. [music] >> Well, once you talk with one hat, it just seems natural to talk to more. He showed up at lunch one day. We'd been discussing the various problems of calorie intake and weight reduction when he said, "That's the idea right there, Oliver." >> Yes, the water. Your new drink should be like water. >> We already have water. >> I don't mean for it to taste like water, just have as few calories as water. How about it? >> Well, I'm trying to make a refreshing, good tasting cola drink. All right, make it a cola drink. Everyone likes cola. And you know what? No. What? If you come up with a good one, I'll recommend it to my patients. Seriously, I don't like to have to tell patients not to drink sugar sweetened drinks. If they must cut down, it's better all around if I can say, "You can drink this drink when you want refreshment." >> No calories. E, that's a tall order. >> Did you say something, sir? I said, "Uh, that's all I ordered. Thank you." I was learning a lot from my friends here, but talking to a hat is best done in private. People don't always understand. Fortunately, my next contact showed up in the privacy of a phone booth. By this time, talking hats no longer surprised me. Oliver, not long distance down here. Every dentist, nutritionist, and public health nurse in the country would love a refreshing drink that has practically no calorie content. >> I think I can make it almost sodium free, too. >> Future generations will sing your praises. >> Future generations. Well, your drink will be perfect for expectant mothers. Refreshing, tummy settling, and low calorie, too. It's wonderful. >> It's not perfected yet. >> Then hang up and get to work. [music] Well, they kept after me until something had to be done. The whole lab crew was working on every possible ingredient combination. Old ingredients were tried in new ways. New ingredients were tried in old ways. New blending [music] processes were tried and refined. We even went back to [music] pure basic research in chemistry looking for answers and we found them. And then it happened. We made a sugar-free cola drink that tasted as good as any regular cola. We had it at last. The brand new Diet Right Cola was everything it should be. Low in calories like the glass of water. Diet Right Cola has only one calorie in each 6 serving. Just the thing for everybody and good taste. >> That was the best part. It didn't taste like a dietetic drink at all. It tasted like what it is, a true sparkling cola. Something no one else had been able to produce. Oliver did it. >> A great soft drink breakthrough now. Get it on the market. >> That was our next problem. After 7 years of research, we had a brand new drink. It tasted great and it seemed to have a lot of plus values. Now, marketing is not my specialty, but since it seemed that I knew a lot about why people wanted a drink like this, >> I wonder where he gets his information. >> Anyway, I was asked, [clears throat] [laughter] >> well, we were asked to help in the marketing. Now, dietetic beverages have always been a breed apart from other soft drinks. They were sold in cans or fancy bottles, stocked in special diet sections of most stores. They sold for a premium price. The market was a specialized one, >> Oliver. >> Yes. >> Have we ever steered you wrong? >> No. >> Then listen to us. This drink tastes good, doesn't it? >> Very good. >> People today are very calorie conscious, aren't they? >> You've convinced me they are. And there's a 40% slice of the population that can't or won't drink soft drinks with sugar in them. Oliver, there is >> Oliver. We can see you'll need more help with this. Like from bottlers and dealers. >> I could use it. >> I'm your man, Olly boy. Been in the bottling game many years. Let's get right to the point. Think big, boy. Since so many people want it. Let's get this on the mass market. >> Mass market it is. >> And how do we package the most popular soft drinks? Returnable bottles >> right as rain. Returnable bottles a must. Speaking as a dealer who sold many a case of drinks, let me ask you, how are we going to price this great new popular item? >> It ought to be worth a premium price, right? >> Wrong. Popular item, popular price. That's what moves the merchandise. Popular price. Move more, sell more. Sell more, make more money. Simple as that. >> Right. A quick education in marketing. Thank you. To make sure the theory was right, we applied the old laboratory practice to it. We tested in cities and towns of various sizes. We conducted test campaigns. We kicked off with first class campaigns of radio, television, and newspaper advertising. We gave out samples to doctors, to dentists, to dealers. Our salesman gave the dealers a taste first, then the sales pitch. That was all it took to sell Diet Right Cola. We gave out samples to shoppers and we surveyed them to get their reactions to the product. The answers were amazing. >> Say, that's a good idea and I like the taste. >> Well, I bought it for the kids, but I like it, too. >> I like it, Mom. It tastes good. It tastes as good as any other cola. >> Tastes better than other colas. >> I prefer its light taste. >> I like it. And it doesn't cost any more. >> Man, it tastes great. >> Love it. >> Now, that even surprised me, >> Oliver. >> Well, it did. I guess I was still thinking of it as a dietetic drink when actually it was a great new cola in its own right with a refreshing light dryness to it. >> Well, that's a lot of pluses, Olly boy. >> Yes, a lot of pluses. >> We told you so. >> Its [music] lack of calories won it new friends. Its flavor kept them buying. One big plus was the dental profession's acceptance of Dietright [music] Cola's advertising in its journal. That was an almost unheard of boost for a soft drink. All over the country, Dietright Cola is now being produced by more and more bottlers. Filling lines are sending [music] case after case out to a public that has adopted a new philosophy of up-to-date refreshment. >> Women have taken to it, and it's a great drink for the kids, too. Toddlers or teenagers. Doctors now recommend Dietright to that big part of the population that needs to cut down on sugar. >> Dealers find that one taste sells case after case and the popular price moves that merchandise. >> Nutrition experts and people on diets welcome it for its low calorie content and its good taste. Bottlers are widening their market, boosting their sales with diet right in returnable bottlers. >> It was the right idea at the right time for sure. I'd take off my hat to dye it right if I had a hat to take off since they seem to have completed their work and gone. >> [music] >> That film was wacky. So wacky. Uh the whole idea of talking hats, they're like, "Well, we've got the information, but we want to make it interesting." And uh so who was this film made for? Uh more than likely, uh potential distributors, u modelers, uh investors, um maybe the general public, but um yeah, this is a fascinating film. And you look at the history of diet, right? looked up on Wikipedia and uh it went away for a while and then it came back in the 2020s and then it went away again in 2024. Um and uh the IP uh intellectual property is owned by Curig Dr. pepper, which I didn't know was a thing, but yeah. Um, so anyways, yeah, it started that was the first uh product that launched into a giant market in the 80s. I think in the 70s, 60s and 70s it was kind of so so, but and there was a big push with Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi and it just went nuts. Um, what's interesting is so I like as a kind of a research project on my own, I read a couple of books about the history of Coca-Cola and the the Coca-Cola folks kept experimenting with fake sweeteners uh because what they did the success of their business was that they sold um and negotiated uh selling the syrup to the bottlers and they locked in a price. And what happened was when they locked in that price, that price changed, especially during the war uh with sugar. Sugar went got very expensive uh it was being rationed. And so they were trying to come up with other ways to still meet that that u that agreed to price for a fountain um for syrup. And uh so they were experimenting with actually adding saccharine and cyclates and things like that and and just not saying that they were doing it. They were just, oh, same old Coca-Cola. Uh, anyways, uh, let's see. Uh, this, uh, next film, it talks about an exciting new breakthrough and, um, was basically a answer to the energy crisis. Enjoy. Superconductors carry electricity at super cold temperatures without resistance. [music] Our impossible target is to use them to turn our limited energy into limitless force. [music] Electricity in our world has always used resistance. [music] The filament of a light resists the flow of electricity and becomes white hot. The element of an electric kettle becomes hot [music] because of electrical resistance. Resistance appeared to be a law. But in 1911, [music] Chemling Onis used liquid helium to cool mercury to about 450° below zero [music] Fahrenheit. Suddenly, the mercury lost all resistance. Or had [music] discovered perpetual electrical motion, superconductivity. At temperatures [music] approaching absolute zero, a current will flow forever in a superconducting loop. Without resistance, huge [music] currents can be transmitted. If the temperature is kept cold enough, those currents [music] will generate immense magnetic fields which can do work. Today, we know how to handle the super cold liquids that make superc conductivity possible. We even ship them around the universe because rockets use super cold liquid hydrogen for fuel. Using super cold liquids, we [music] can begin to build the first practical superconducting machines. This tiny [music] tube carries liquid helium to super cool the rotor of a superconducting [music] generator. The tube must be a tiny steelwalled vacuum bottle like your thermos, but it must be far more effective to work at [music] 450° below zero. This conventional magnet uses 5 [music] million watts of electricity to produce a huge magnetic field, 500,000 times as strong as the Earth's. Its electrical resistance is so high it needs 800 gall of water a minute to keep it from exploding. A superconducting magnet just as powerful draws only a small amount of power for cooling. Pollution of the air and water, the threat to our life sustaining resources must be overcome. Smog choked skylines can be seen [music] and felt in the nose and throat and lungs. Rivers in urban areas are still safe to sail over, [music] but deadly to swim in and deadlier still to drink. Superconductors [music] may be the answer. Almost everything is attracted by a big enough magnetic field. Even pollutants [music] can be separated from water with superconducting magnets. Dr. >> [music] >> Henry Cole of MIT. >> They're now designing a magnetic filtration unit which will take all the colifform bacteria and suspended solids out of this water and make it clear again. And this is possible only because superconductivity makes it feasible to generate magnetic fields that are needed to do this. Without superc conductivity, it would be completely out of the question. I can demonstrate that for you at the lab. Now we have here a demonstration that shows you the effectiveness of a high field in separating very finely divided colloidal material. And the first separation we're going to try is just some iron oxide finely divided and mixed with aluminum oxide. >> The huge magnetic field generated by superconductors magnetizes a steel wool-like mesh in the separator. Almost everything is attracted by the force. One substance can be separated from another by the difference in the attraction. Even bacteria can be removed by seeding the water with a little iron oxide. The process is hundreds of times as fast as ordinary filtration. This beaker contains scrubbing water obtained by cleaning the flu gases from an oxygen furnace. The glass presents a major pollution problem because the particles in it are too finely divided to be removed by filtration and somehow one has to get rid of the water. Now let's see what magnetic filtration will do to this problem. We put this material through the same magnetic filter and notice it goes through it just about as fast as you can pour it out of that beaker. And the water coming through at the bottom is clear. It is in fact drinkable. [music] A full-scale separator mounted on a barge [music] will soon be removing pollutants and leaving clean water behind. Someday, [music] superconducting separators may even remove pollutants from fuels before [music] we burn them. [music] The low field room in the bitter magnetic laboratory at MIT. The steel capsule [music] may look like a moon ship, but it is in fact very necessary. It is made of a special metal which conducts [music] magnetic lines of force. Even the magnetic field of the earth is deflected around the space within the capsule. In this room, almost free from magnetic force is a superconducting magnet which can measure the minuscule magnetic [music] fields produced by electric currents flowing in the body. Brain waves, heartbeats, messages down the nerves can be measured more precisely than ever before. The room has even been used to map deposits in the lungs of asbestous miners from Quebec. The story of superconductivity's power to realize the dreams of science fiction continues here. Engineer Bruce Montgomery of MIT. >> That's fine. We're looking at a catheter which is a small hollow stylastic tube which we are going to introduce into the vessels in the brain. It must be very soft in order to introduce it into those vessels because they're extremely torturous and it is too soft to push as one does with catheterss going into the heart for example. So we have developed uh with Mass General Hospital a magnetic technique for pulling the catheter. I turn on the field. You can see that the magnetic field attracts the tip of the catheter on which we put a small permanent magnet. And by rotating this magnet around the head, I can essentially draw the catheter through the vessels in the brain. The reason that we wish to enter the brain in this fashion is that we can enter this tube through a small incision in the neck and reach deep into the brain in areas that otherwise would require extreme open skull surgery. >> [music] [music] >> This is not a superconducting magnet. Um, but it is strong enough to attract the catheter if I am close enough to it, allowing us to work near the edge of the head. But deep within the head, the magnetic fields are so weak that we can no longer act effectively on the tip to allow us to work deep within the brain. We're building a superconducting magnet which will have actually 10 times the magnetic field of this uh device and yet it fits in an extremely compact package. Uh to try to do this job without superconductors using conventional technology would have required an enormous power supply and a magnet weighing many tons which would not be uh sensible to use in the operating room at all. This technique is so simple that some operations may be done by radiologists. The [music] tiny catheter dancing its way through the bloodstream to the tune of a superconducting magnet will be used to [music] strengthen damaged blood vessels and even to cut off the flow of blood to cancers. [music] Development of superconductors, our target impossible, can do even more for us outside our [music] bodies. The energy crisis. Cities that once blazed with light look darker now. Sometimes they are browned out and even blacked out. Despite the fact that we are frantically building nuclear power stations, we still need to burn coal and oil to generate power. Superconductivity offers us a new way to use fossil fuels that will give us 50% more of the energy released by combustion. The secret is the high temperature close to that of a rocket engine. Temperatures of 3,000 to 5,000° F are necessary for real efficiency. Here at the Avco Everett Research Laboratory, they're working on a system that has been called the greatest advance in combustion since Prometheus gave man fire. Magneto hydrodnamics or MHD. Dr. Arthur Caneritz. >> We're sitting here in the middle of a MHD generator which gives us a particularly good opportunity to understand how this generator works. It starts here with a combustion chamber much like a rocket combustion chamber heavily water cooled that puts out a very high temperature stream of gases just as a rocket does. These gases pass through a magnetic field. It goes like this that you have a conducting medium flowing across magnetic field lines and the magnetic field lines are horizontal. The flow is horizontal in the other direction and the electricity is generated in the vertical direction. There is a channel. That channel picks off the electricity in just the same way as the brushes of a generator pick off uh the electricity that's generated by copper moving through a magnetic field. In this case, it's a high temperature gas. The magnet here is is made in the conventional technology of making copper magnets. That is the current flows through copper. It will be replaced in about 18 months with a superconducting magnet. which we are now building and that that magnet will have much stronger magnetic fields and enable us to generate more electricity. [music] [bell] Immense magnetic fields can literally extract electricity directly from a rocket's blast. Because of the incredible temperatures, MHD [music] will produce 50% more power than conventional techniques with virtually no air pollution. Only superconducting magnets [music] make it feasible to draw power directly from a rocket blast. Many scientists believe [music] that thermonuclear fusion, the power source of the sun, will be the ultimate solution to our energy crisis. [music] The sun's enormous gravity compresses the gas plasma and heats it to incredible temperatures and atoms fuse. On Earth, we can produce fusion, but we cannot control it as yet. Hbomb explosions are uncontained [music] fusion reactions. Before we will control fusion on Earth, we must learn to contain it in reactors like this one at the Bitter Magnetics Lab at MIT. Engineer Bruce Montgomery. To make a thermonuclear fusion reactor work, you must heat a plasma up to 100 million°. And to do so, you need very high magnetic fields to compress the gas, keep it away from the walls. And to create those very intense magnetic fields, we have a magnet here that is the highest magnetic field device of its type in the world. And to get that kind of magnetic field, we require ultra low temperatures. And the frost you see through the window on the outside of the magnet indicates that it is at present at 200° below zero. The future of such devices requires that we must go to even lower temperatures and use superconductors. >> Fusion on the sun is patented and controlled by gravity [music] as these computer displays testify. On Earth, superconducting magnets will exert enough force to tame the raging energy [music] of fusion. A fullscale reactor 10 times this size couldn't generate enough power to run its own magnet. Superconductors [music] could do the job running on flashlight batteries. Speed, rapid transportation from one bit of world to another has been the dominant drive of 20th century man. But our holy quest for speed is bogging down. Airports are becoming saturated. Faster, bigger planes need too much land for runways. Kennedy Airport uses 7.5 square miles. Toronto International uses 25. Kennedy's 7.5 square miles of land is enough for a 95- ft ride of way from Boston to Washington. Transportation planners have dropped their eyes from the skies to the land, but trains are limited to between 130 and 150 mph. Most tracks aren't even smooth at walking speeds, so alternatives must [music] be found. The most promising alternative uses superconductors to produce [music] repulsive magnetic levitation called the magnane. It is being developed by Dr. [music] Henry Cole of MIT. This magnet is neither attracted nor repelled by aluminum. However, if the aluminum is moving as such as we can simulate by making this wheel spin, the magnet will be repelled by the aluminum because it induces eddicurrens and these eddicurrens oppose the penetration of magnetic flux into the aluminum and the faster the wheel spins the stronger is this force. Now notice that contrary to attractive mag leaves repulsive mag lev is inherently stable. and you get a feeling for what it is for what this force is like. In fact, repulsive mag lab has certain similarity to aerodynamic flight. And here at MIT, we like to think of it as electromagnetic flight. You're producing lift at the expense of drag due to the motion of the magnet with respect to the aluminum exactly the way an airplane wing produces lift at the expense of drag by moving through the air. Now we can demonstrate repulsive magnetic levitation even without motion. And to do this let's take an ordinary coil of copper wire into which we can feed alternating current which makes the magnetic field generated by this coil very rapidly. And now above this aluminum plate we can produce levitation simply by allowing this coil to flow. Now in this case we make the magnetic field change instead of moving the magnet over the plate. And this again will give you a feeling for the inherent stability of magnetic levitation or electromagnetic flight. Ordinary magnets couldn't feasibly levitate something as big as an [music] airplane. Only superconductors could do that. This superconducting chassis will ultimately [music] fly the 125th scale model magnane. The track is simply an aluminum trough with propulsion [music] windings. These windings travel back and forth in meanders. Effectively, the [music] magnane is like the rotor of an ordinary synchronous motor, except that it travels along the track instead of turning. A clearance of 12 in will make it possible for the Magnaplane to fly at 300 mph. In a partial vacuum, it will be possible to go faster than modern jet transports. >> 2 1 go. [music] >> This is film of the first successful public demonstration of this type of electromagnetic flight. The Magnaplan's first payload was our camera. So, you are the first passenger on what may be the rapid transportation of the future. [music] Superconductors carry electricity without any resistance. This new force will give a superconducting magnets that will do enormous amounts of work and do it virtually for free. Electromagnetic flight will be a fullscale reality [music] in a decade. In the 80s, MHD will use superconductors to extract power directly from a rocket blast. Superconductors will deliver electricity from Hbomblike fusion in 20 years. This year, superconducting catheters will be used in knifeless surgery. [music] With support, scientists will give us the superconducting devices capable of lengthening our lives and conserving our resources. Soon we may reach our impossible target and turn energy into limitless force. [music] [music] >> [music] >> All right. So, enjoying a delicious cola without the calories. Um, check. Um, powering the the globe uh constant and uh increasing energy uh needs. Check. What else you got? Um so this next film is Brigham Y Young University which is surprising uh given the subject matter and uh it's coronary counterattack and at the very beginning of the film the guy is at a lunch counter and and so I can only infer that his heart is being attacked by the lunch counter uh either literally or figuratively. Uh enjoy Anyway, can I get some English? >> Yes. Miss, could I have a seltzer, please? >> Sure, I'll be right with you. >> Could I have it now, please? Mr. Graham Glenn, help me. Give me. >> All right, everybody. Move back. Give me the air. Betty, doc Fraser just let us check the parking lot. Hurry. >> Somebody need >> Doctor, there's a man who got so sick. >> Let's go. Oh, here's your heart. >> Anyone here give mouth to mouth? >> I'm a lifeguard. >> Good. This man will make it. [music] He's lucky to have had a heart attack where help was available. He's only 35, much too young to have had a near fatal heart attack. The sad thing is that this is not unusual in America today. Others are not so fortunate. Fatal heart attacks among young men ages 25 to 44 have risen since 1950. [music] Fatal and non-fatal heart attacks can strike at virtually any age. If you are male, age 35 or older, you could have a heart attack any time. If you're overweight and have high blood pressure, your chances of having an attack increase. If you smoke, the risk doubles. Add to this a sedentary job, little exercise, and your chances of having a heart attack are vastly increased. If you are female and past the change of life, you run the same risk as the men. At least 1 million Americans die each year from heart and blood vessel disorders, which includes one death every 50 seconds from coronary [music] disease alone. It is now known that the deposits of fat that characterize arterioclerosis and pave the way for heart attacks begin developing early in life. Hundreds of autopsies performed on young soldiers [music] killed in Vietnam disclosed that nearly 60% of those men with an average age of 22 had unmistakable signs of coronary disease. Back up kids. Make some room. >> Since 1960, there has also been an increase in deaths from heart attack in women [music] in this country under 40 years of age. >> Most of us are familiar with the reasons for the increase [music] in heart disease, sedentary living, high blood pressure, obesity, emotional stress, smoking, high levels of cholesterol. >> Mr. Co, the electroc cardiogram. >> Nearly half our population is suffering from one or more chronic diseases. 14.6 million adults suffer [music] definite heart disease. Another 13 million with suspected cases. 1 half million persons learn [music] each year that they have cancer. 6 and 12 million persons are alcoholics. 13 million suffer from some form of arthritis. 2 million are known diabetics. And the list goes on. Thomas Edison had this to say on the subject. The doctor of the future will give no medicine but will interest his patients [music] in the care of the human frame and in the cause of and the prevention of disease. [music] Dallas, Texas, where country music reigns supreme [music] and where the Dallas Cowboys can do no wrong except to lose an occasional game. And where serious-minded physicians are making definite inroads against heart disease. Dr. Cooper, uh, could you take a look at this for just a moment? >> What's trouble with it? What do you think is wrong there? >> Heading up this group is Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper. >> At this center, the intensive physical examination is focused primarily on the performance and efficiency of the heart and lungs. The treadmill test is the most important part of the examination. Before a patient is allowed on the treadmill, however, he underos a series of preliminaries. A complete medical history is taken. Comprehensive blood and urine tests are given and a chest X-ray. Next, the patient is placed in a special tank to determine his body fat by underwater displacement. >> Get your hair wet and come right back up. >> A final review of the patient's medical history and his physical up to this point are studied. Next, a resting EKG. And if everything looks good, he is placed on the treadmill, a test that pushes his heart to the limit. The angle of incline is raised each minute causing the stress factor to become gradually more acute. His progress, blood pressure and heart rate are monitored and any change is quickly noted. >> Okay, let's stop the treadmill now. >> How do you feel? Fine. >> Good. Good. This treadmill stress test is very important. Many people walking around today think they have no signs of heart disease because their resting EKG is normal. But in reality, they have serious heart disease that's diagnosed by treadmill stress testing. Now if the diagnosis can be made early and if we can start the person into a program consisting of proper weight, proper diet, proper exercise and avoiding tobacco, many of these abnormal things that we see with stress testing can be changed. Now that is the practice of preventive medicine. [music] We are convinced by five years of solid research that some of the negative statistics [music] you have seen today dealing with heart and pulmonary disease can be reversed. Our goal is to try to prevent heart [music] disease wherever possible to change the habits of millions of Americans from the sedentary life to one of vigorous regular exercise [music] and to rehabilitate those who have fallen victim to heart and arterial disease. [music] In other words, to counterattack. As a result of our years of research, we're studying eight coronary risk factors. May I have the lights off, please? First is the level of physical fitness as determined by the treadmill time. If a man walks less than 15 minutes on the bulky treadmill test, he qualifies as a risk. In reviewing our four-year data, only 26 patients who were evaluated in the clinic later had a major heart problem. On the treadmill stress test, only six of the 26 exceeded 15 minutes. Only three exceeded 18 minutes. In cases of patients staying on the treadmill over 22 minutes, we have no records of heart attacks, sudden deaths, or the development of anggina. 22 minutes on the treadmill is the equivalent of running 2 miles in less than 15 minutes. The second risk factor is the result of the treadmill stress test. Since an abnormal electroc cardiogram indicates the presence of heart disease, an abnormal stress test is a major risk factor. The next risk factor is a blood pressure reading of more than 140 over 90. Other risk factors include a fasting blood sugar above 110 milligs per cholesterol above 250 milligrams per triglycerides above 150 milligs per. If a person smokes, we consider this an important risk. Finally, the percent body fat is important. The risk level in men is above 19% fat and in women above 22%. May I have the lights, please? We're carefully studying these eight coronary risk factors. In fact, a lot of men with an average age of 44 years come to this clinic and have none of the eight risk factors. Now, they should be excellent life insurance candidates. In the past few months, I can recall four men 33 to 51 years of age who came to this clinic and had six or more risk factors. Subsequently, two of those men died from heart attacks and all four had some type of heart disease. Now, just think of the significance here in being able to predict coronary disease based on the number and the types of these risk factors. In treadmill stress testing, over 5,000 men with an average age of 45 years, 16% had an abnormal stress test. 12% of these men had a normal resting EKG. This means that over 600 men had heart disease diagnosed only on the basis of a stress electroc cardiogram. My work with athletes is extensive. We have studied many professional football players during the offseason. At present, several NFL teams are using aerobic exercise as a part of their offseason conditioning. [cheering] However, the [music] first college football team to work with the aerobics program during the off season was the University of Nebraska. In 1969, their coach required all of his linemen to run 1 and 1/2 miles in less than 12 minutes and his backs to [music] run 1 and 3/4 miles in less than 12 minutes. The first day of the fall training camp, 88 of 90 men met this requirement. And that year, they won nine games, lost two, and finished the season ranked 13th in the nation. and during two subsequent [music] years they won the national championship. An athlete who exercises aerobically during the off season can delay the onset of fatigue and should greatly reduce athletic injuries as well as improve his overall performance. Aerobic exercises are those exercises which demand large amounts of oxygen and produce beneficial effects in the heart and the lungs and the blood vessels. Our bodies were designed for physical activity. So many times our bodies deteriorate not so much because we're getting older, but because we're doing less physically as we grow older. Doctors Cash and Ber from San Diego State University studied 16 middle-aged men for 10 years. These men were swimmers and [music] joggers. They swam or ran for 45 to 60 minutes at least 3 days a week. The 10-year study disclosed that while these men became chronologically 10 years older, their cardiovascular and respiratory systems age very little, their average maximum heart rate had only declined seven beats per minute in 10 years. Dr. Paul Dudley White once said, "It is fascinating to know that one can grow healthier as one grows older and not necessarily the reverse." Floyd Schaefer retired from Proctor and Gamble three years ago. Instead of retiring to the farm [music] and spending the rest of his life fishing, he enrolled as a student at North Texas State University in a PhD [music] program in plant physiology. >> Well, I wanted to uh keep up with the students. Of course, I think it's one of the greatest things that uh happened for people of all ages to participate in a exciting program of uh uh exercise. You feel better. Uh you feel like uh doing things. Uh you feel like activity is an important part of your uh daily life. >> Here's a man who goes 28 minutes on the treadmill. That's in the top 1% of all people we have stress tested, regardless of age. He doesn't jog. He cycles up to 200 miles a week to keep in such excellent shape and this year will receive his PhD degree at 63 years of age. Now, just what does this have to do with young people? Patterns of living are established in childhood. Our eating habits, obesity begins then. Many young people start smoking as a child. Even hypertension probably has an effect then. We encourage many young people, I'm talking about junior high school age boys and girls to begin preventive medicine programs. We feel at that point it can be reversible. Now, you don't have to be a worldclass athlete to be able to get the benefits of an exercise program and really enjoy it. [music] All of these are aerobic exercises and each [music] can play a major role in your general good health both physically and emotionally. Let me give you an example of the rehabilitative effects of aerobic type exercise. While I was still in the Air Force, I can recall a 45-year-old master sergeant came by one day. He had been medically retired because of severe pulmonary disease because of emphyma. He was wheezing as he came down the hall. He walked in and said, "Doc, I want to get started in an exercise program." And I said, "Sarge, you can't exercise. You can't even walk 50 feet without having to sit down and rest because of shortness of breath." And he said, 'Doc, I'm well aware of that. I spend 24 hours a day just trying to breathe, and if I can't change this ridiculous situation in my life, life isn't worth living. Can you help me? We put him on the treadmill on a slowly progressive program. First 30 seconds, holding on to the rail, then 45 seconds, then a minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes. Then outside at last. It took 2 years before he could walk a mile and 1/2 non-stop in [music] 30 minutes. Now that is not very fast, but for him it opened up a whole new world because once again he could play touch football with the kids. I still hear people say that too much exercise can injure a normal healthy heart. That just isn't so because the heart tends to improve. It tends to thrive on vigorous exercise, and I'm amazed at how hard it can work for prolonged periods. Witness the fantastic marathon runs of Belt Emerton across Australia's vast outback or across Death Valley. Or take the Taraumara Indians of northwestern Mexico, called superr runners because of their ability to race 200 miles, kicking a ball as they run. Because of the scarcity of food and lack of sanitation [music] in this harshly beautiful land, the Toraharas have a high infant mortality rate. Yet those who do survive through childhood are [music] incredibly wiry and tough. I attribute this to their love of strenuous exercise. Women frequently walk several hundred miles with babies on their backs. And it's not at all uncommon for a young man to run 170 miles with little rest. Raquel is well on her way to visit relatives [music] in Wares, 300 miles to the north. Meanwhile, the marathon is into the second day. [music] [music] [music] Oh, [music] [music] heat, heat. [music] >> [music] [music] >> at certain rest stops. They pause for [music] water in pole, then continue on. And Raquel [music] has only 100 miles to go. The Tarumaras with inadequate [music] diet love to run and apparently run great distances without injury to their hearts. It's fascinating to see the interest in preventive medicine in many countries of the world. For example, Japan is making much progress in this direction. During a recent trip to Tokyo, I noticed many people jogging around the Imperial Palace. During the lunch hour, the rooftops all over the city were full of people running laps, playing bad mitten, and doing calisthenics. [music] >> How many rooftops in America can boast the same? >> Hello, Jim. >> Hi, Ken. How are you? >> How was your run today? >> Had a good run. >> Looked like it was hot. >> Was pretty hot. >> Kind of warm out there. Keep it up. >> There's my favorite marathon runner. How you doing? I bet you haven't gained an out since you actually have you. >> No, it stays the same. >> You just keep on running. You're looking great. >> Thank you. >> Hi, Jack. >> Hi, Ken. >> Good to see you today. Have a good workout. >> Real good. Good. >> I'm going to ask you one question. What has motivated you to continue exercising all these years, four and five times a week? Can you answer that for me? >> Sure. It makes me feel better. >> Makes you feel better, right? That's amazing. The vast majority of people who exercise regularly exercise for one reason, and that's because it makes them feel better. I ask my patients two questions when they come through the clinic. How many days have you missed from work because of illness during the past year? How many times was it necessary for you to see a physician for medical reasons? And the results are amazing. The absenteeism from disease goes down. The requirement to see physicians goes down. Exercise can be used as a very effective [music] preventive medicine tool. Americans [music] must do something to counterattack the debilitating diseases that threaten to swamp us, not only physically but financially as well. We must explore new avenues of preventive [music] medicine to help turn back the tide of disease before it is too late. We believe that regular vigorous exercise [music] is one answer. [music] [music] All right, we kind of went all over the place with that one. Um, thank you, uh, Nathan for the donation via the super thanks button for, um, the dietright story and then thank you Jeremy for uh, donating for the heart catheterss. Speaking of hearts, uh I mentioned last week I had this awesome film that I wanted to share with you, but it's kind of gross. Uh and so I'd like to share it now that we're kind of after our normal showtime. Uh it is called Heart Sounds and it is Don't think too hard about it because you might be freaked out. Um, but it is a mammal heart beating and then you can hear so you can see what it's doing and then you can see uh the ECG and then you can also um hear the sound that it's making and uh it's pretty amazing. So it's a it's a longer film but I'm going to show a little bit of the beginning which is silent and then I'm going to skip ahead to where there's sound. Um but the entire film is available on the YouTube channel. So trigger warning. Yeah, if you are having a uh any type of sandwich today that uh looks like a heart, I would not watch. Also, I don't recommend eating pizza or lasagna uh during this. Um so here we go. Are you ready? Heart sounds. Enjoy. Well, there you go. There it is. Um, I didn't show the entire thing because you get the gist of it, but it's 17 minutes long and a lot of it is silent. And, uh, we they don't 100% hint at where the heart came from. I I don't think it's a human heart. Um but I don't know. They say mammal heart. Uh anyways, thanks for watching today. Uh we will join you tomorrow if you're in town. Um join us tonight at the Alamo Draft House at 7:00 uh for a live screening. Uh don't try this at home films about how the home is trying to kill you. Uh, and then also tomorrow at DH Hill Library, I believe it's 6:00, maybe 7:00. Uh, we're doing, uh, films about finance. Uh, what time is that at? 6 o'clock. So, yeah, join us for that. Uh, we watch two films about finance and then we'll have a student adviser talk to us about the importance of good credit. Um, so I recorded the sat uh Saturday morning cartoons episode with found footage festival guys last night and I showed them The Money Tree. If you remember that Hannah Barbara film, live action film, that is easily one of the most depressing films uh on the subject [laughter] and bummed them out and that's showing on Saturday. So uh hooray. [laughter] So thanks due to your comments and me watching it with you, I realized, wow, this is an amazing film. Uh, so fad feel bad film of the of the week. Um, anyways, I will see you tomorrow if I don't see you tonight. Everybody, take care. Have a great rest of your day. Bye.