AV Geeks 16mm 2-22-2024

that that is for hi everybody I'm skip Alzheimer welcome to the avgeeks lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16mm films and we talk about them so that last film was a uh part of a stock reel of basically uh leftover outtake Clips uh cornet when they would shoot for a um a film they would shoot more than they needed and then they would build up these stock reels um which was were just basically loose raw scenes uh and this one and then unfortunately I don't have the notes associated with the real uh they all have three-letter codes except the times that they have two letter codes and that one I don't know it medieval and then suddenly boom there's uh Space Race stuff so so uh it's always fascinating to watch you get to see interesting things in there um so happy to share it there's no soundtrack of course uh soundtracks would be recorded separately on magnetic tape and then they would marry it together or they would do a narration over top of some Boll so that's what you got all right let's watch a cornet film that has been assembled and learn how to write a good paragraph uh did somebody say this involves a checklist [Music] [Applause] yes Eddie you can do better than this you know that there's more to writing a good paragraph than just putting together a few related sentences think youd better read that chapter again on paragraphs in your text and then rewrite this [Applause] composition so you WR it Eddie I'm sure Mrs Marshall covered how to write paragraphs in class guess I wasn't paying much attention when she did I'm not sure what to do well here look at what she says I know paragraphs weak in unity transitions poor but I still don't know what to do would you like a little help if you got the time okay well I could tell you what's wrong but wait a minute let me just read the first paragraph to you what are you doing I'm looking for a photograph of dead here it is this will help you picture the sentences okay go ahead camping with Dad I've wanted to go camping with Dad as long as I can remember that's the topic sentence my older brother Stan was never interested in camping trips dad's business is sporting good so he has all the equipment needed for camping during the past few years dad's Sporting Goods business kept him too busy to go before that dad usually went in late fall when I was in school and couldn't go along even before I started school I wanted wanted to go camping but then I was too young but last year when Dad hired another salesman he was able to take time off in the summer and take me camping that's how I finally got to go camping with Dad it's kind of mixed up isn't it you know why because sentences in a paragraph need a logical order and if they don't have it they just don't make good sense what are you doing I'm going to put time to work in your paragraph time that's right remember your topic sentence I've wanted to go on a camping trip with Dad as long as I can remember well here you are over a period of time as long as you can remember now I'm going to rearrange the sentences of your paragraph and maybe drop a few and use time to hold them all together even before I started school I wanted to go camping but then I was too young then when I was old enough dad usually went in late fall when I was in school and couldn't go along during the past few years his Sporting Goods business has kept him too busy to go but last year when Dad hired another salesman he was able to take time off in the summer and take me camping that was how I finally got to go camping with Dad now do you see how time held those sentences together I think so there was a certain order in the way the sentences developed I got a little older in each sentence that's right time gave Unity to the paragraph and unity is what we're after of course you don't always want to use time for Unity let's try something [Applause] else now in this this paragraph you could try using space do you mean like outer space no I mean the location of the things you're writing about in your paragraph for instance you could write about the nearest things first and the farthest things last okay I'll try it now here's the topic sentence we chose the ideal spot for camping now what did the place look like here take a look at that oh thanks it was a clearing with trees all around wait a minute Eddie these were aren't doing anything for you they should really give a clear picture of the scene well I'll try it again it was a broad open area of soft grass and wild flowers all around were high trees part of a dense forest that's fine now go ahead and don't forget to keep space in mind the nearby trees would provide us with all the wood we needed for our campfire a short distance away a clear stream flowed through the forest we hoped its cold Waters would be filled with trout how's that for unifying a paragraph with space pretty good do you think you could do as well using contrast you mean showing how two things are different that's right here's your taffic sentence getting up in the morning at Camp is quite different from getting up at home now you take it from there okay at home it's the Ring of the alarm clock that jars you awake while at Camp your alarm clock is the sun shining through the trees and the sound of birds chirping the soft cotton rug you step onto at home becomes en camp aoft soft carpet of grass wet with de at home you have all the water you need hot and cold at Camp you have all the water you need too but it all seems to come from the North Pole it's pretty good but let's finish the contrast idea differences such as these make camping you go ahead and take it make camping an exciting change from your usual way of life that was pretty good huh Stan pretty good Eddie yeah you see there are actually many ways to unify a paragraph but you've got to pick out the one way which works out best for each of your paragraphs and gives it some variety too thanks Dan can I use the desk yeah sure go ahead uh but wait a minute Mrs Marshall criticized Unity but uh what about transition oh that's right transitions you mean between paragraphs that's right you see a good transition helps your reader follow you smoothly from one paragraph to the next you want him to keep track of the big idea that you're trying to develop and you want to hold his interest too I guess so here let me see if I can find an example here's the ending of one of your paragraphs so at last the trout was in our net now here's the first sentence of the next paragraph cooking Outdoors is one of the joys of camping you see there's no clear relationship between the two paragraphs but there should be they're both about trout catching trout and cooking trout see right but why not let the reader know it too let's use the word trout to carry the reader smoothly from one paragraph to the next like this so at last the trout was in our net we cook the trout over an open fire or how about after the trout was caught we looked forward to cooking it that's fine too repeating key words or phrases or ideas is just one way of going smoothly from one paragraph to another but you can't always repeat something and sometimes you just don't want to so what do you do ever heard this meanwhile back at the ranch sure well meanwhile is a word that can give you a transition from one paragraph to the next there are lots of words and phrases like that on the other hand however therefore consequently in a like Manner and so that's right you've got the idea I'm going to reread the chapter Mrs Marshall told me to then I think I'll be ready to rewrite well if you remember to develop your paragraphs logically I will now and if you remember to use transitions for going smoothly from one paragraph to another then you're on your way and I don't want to forget time space or contrast and there are many other Unity devices that are just as good you'll probably find them all in your English book oh sure you pay a little better attention in class and you won't have all that trouble you've got a point there now you get to work and remember writing good paragraphs isn't easy it takes time and thought but good paragraphs help you communicate with your reader and after all isn't that the purpose in writing that's what Mrs Marshall says thanks Dan I guess I'll do all right now so they were brothers lovers roommates I guess they were brothers but they seem very close in age um yeah that's that's a bummer that was uh basically implicitly doing the the Cats in the Cradle uh song um Dad's too busy at his Sporting Goods store to actually do the outdoor activities he would like to do with his uh family um all right so behind me I have a film scanner set up and I'm pointing to it kind of uh and so we pull films off the shelf that we've not seen before and we're going to watch this one it is what is it called is there communication when you speak [Music] enjoy [Music] [Applause] [Music] you open up Bill Williams is my name I'm a student at the University and I'm taking a course in speech you have to in this school it's required at first I couldn't see why after all I thought I'm going to be an engineer orator is not my my line leave the fireworks to the ministers and the politicians but speech they say here is a must and I had signed up so there I was in the class the professor had a chart on which he Illustrated the system of communication or what he called the sending and receiving of messages by speech this was better he made speaking sound like radar or telegraphy and that was more like it for me whenever you speak you want to transfer an idea to another person now our purpose in this class is to find out how to accomplish this how to move an idea from the mind of the speaker into the minds of the members of his audience across the distance between them we don't think of speechmaking as fireworks intended merely to light up the sky we think of it rather as the communicating of an idea an idea to people people in an audience in order to win a response from them have you ever felt a real need to do this to communicate an idea to someone well yes I thought I certainly have why just the other day when I was going across campus say pardon me but could you tell me where the art building is Gee she was cute for a minute I couldn't think but then I remembered well oh sure why um it's near the theater you go on down here and turn left by the student junion and then oh we'll say it'd be shorter if you went through so don't take the street it's on but go on the next one down and be I'll say it I hold something for you no thanks I'm in a hurry just tell me what street is it on oh well I don't know the name of the street but you'd know it it's the one you come across when you come in from the athletic field but I'm not coming from the athletic field oh well then it couldn't be simpler don't go that other way just go on down here to the First Street for a couple of blocks and then two or three anyway go on past this building before you turn then when you get on the other side why it's the same way when you cross over why it's right beside you couldn't be easier well say could I call you up sometime no thanks see could you tell me where the art building is why sure go down this street one block go right then for three blocks and pass the Student Union then turn left now what did you have to ask him for wasn't I telling [Music] her the ability to communicate ideas to other people is something everybody needs but sometimes no communication takes place at all that's what happened all right such a pretty girl and no communication at all now for the communication system to work these things must happen first The Speaker gets certain stimuli from what he reads sees talks about or does and from his own feelings out of these stimuli the speaker formulates an idea or concept that he wishes to communicate this idea must be clear to him it must be as clear as well as a map inside his head and then I knew what the trouble was when I talked to that girl I didn't think clearly about how to get her where she wanted to go no idea to communicate there no map in my head once The Speaker gets his main idea or concept formulated and it should be an idea worth communicating then he wants to transfer it into the thoughts and feelings of the people in his audience let's say this speaker is you and that the idea you want to communicate to the audience can be represented by a now your problem is to get a into the thoughts and feelings of the people who are listening to you but you cannot hand a to them in fact you cannot transfer a intact at all but you can send messages about a over light waves and sound waves these messages will stimulate the people in your audience then each member of your audience from what he sees and hears will recreate your idea or Concept in his own mind if real communication has taken place then the idea which each listener creates in his mind will be similar to yours as nearly like it as possible in fact it will be A1 but if communication has not taken place then this might happen the members of the audience might not receive a at all but b c d e and some of them might not get any idea I know the important thing to remember is this whenever communication takes place both speaker and audience are involved in fact whenever real communication takes place the speaker can sense a response coming back from his audience we'll talk more about this circular response later on after that our class became sort of a laboratory first we worked on how to organize a speech we all felt we were making progress one day Hal Bryce spoke about basketball teamwork he made it very clear to us Friday's game will show you how basketball team play works it will illustrate what I have just explained in Friday's game you'll see a lot of fast running and good shooting but don't forget nobody will be trying to show off each player will be trying to think in action where the other players are so that the team can score thank you Bryce it seems to me that this speech by how Bryce was rather well organized I wonder Miss Rymer if you would undertake to tell us what you thought uh Bryce's purpose was in speaking well I think his purpose was to explain how the team functions that's right isn't it Bryce yes my purpose was to explain the importance of team play yeah now let me ask another question of you Edwards what main idea did Bryce use to carry out this purpose well uh I think his main idea was that a basketball team functions as a flexible unit um always in motion but always held together in in some sort of pattern Begley do you think he did well in choosing this particular idea to talk about at this time yes I think the idea was appropriate to the occasion we have our first conference game coming up this week so everyone was interested what else can you say about the organization of this speech well uh he had it organized the way we said so that every detail pointed up the main idea uh how the team plays as a unit uh for instance uh when when he described uh how one player moves down the court he kept reminding us where all the other players were yes this is very important and not too easy to do either to select details and arrange them in such a way that like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle they fall neatly into place and support and contribute to the main idea is there anything else we should add M Jones well there was real feeling behind the idea I think Hal believes what he told us about team play when he said no one will be showing off each player will be trying to think in action with the rest of the team so that they can score I got a kick out of that it even got me interested that's right but don't forget that believing in an idea and feeling it deeply are not enough in themselves to do the job first the speaker must have a a definite purpose he must know why he is speaking and then he must present ideas to his audience that are worth the audience's while and these thoughts must be organized around the central theme or main idea and they must be stated clearly and finally his feelings must intensify this idea that he wants to communicate well I guess our time's up and that's all for today thank you all very much later on we talked about how the idea is carried to the audience through the signals that travel over the sound waves and the light waves the idea rides on the speaker's voice and his words on how these words are articulated and pronounced and used in language the idea also rides on his appearance his posture gestures movement and whatever visual materials he uses each of these means can strengthen the idea and help to get it across to the audience but poor techniques can interfere with the progress of the idea along the sound and light waves we found illustrations of all this right in class most of us had to learn how to project our voices to the back of the room take Helen bar for instance she spoke in a voice that was low and monotonous the class could hardly hear her the library building was planned by The Architects so that all the students could do free and comfortable while they are working inside the foyer are art pieces and historical exhibits the working area is if it hadn't been for the pictures we wouldn't have known she was talking about the library our library is a beauty and we're all proud of it but Helen's voice didn't tell us that another thing we practiced was articulation and pronunciation speak the speech I pray you as I pronounce Ed it to you trippingly on the tongue but if you mouth it as many of our players do I as Leaf the town crier spake my lines may I read that passage over again sir I believe I could improve it sure go right ahead speak the speech I pray you as I pronounced it to you trippingly on the tongue but if you mouth it for many of us articulation and pronunciation seemed well fussy at first when I heard Lou Pearson speak in class one day I found myself thinking not about what he said but how it sounded and if you have nothing better to do with yourself it'll be worth the time to go out on a campus and listen while the wind whistles and theise Whisper it's the same of course with mispronounced words instead of carrying the idea they get in the way this happened when Roy Baker spoke he was a great Sportsman and adventurer there are many pictures of him in the family archives chives what about his life is really a part of the history of the state because his family were early settlers and because but by that time we had lost the sense of what Roy was saying the visual signals we discovered are as important as the verbal ones they can carry your idea or they can contradict it Al Frank tried to tell us one day day about the big opportunities for college students in industry and government but his posture spoke only of laziness Lucy Harmon tried to describe the motion and freedom of ballet dancing but we saw only her own stiffness and discomfort on the other hand Hal Bry had much more Poise and shess he moved around easily had a lot more self-control and you just knew he meant what he said and so it went practice criticism and more practice and always we talked about the audience but there must be audience response if communication is to take place and it's not really the speaker's fault if his audience doesn't listen I think it is I think a speaker has to know his audience and present his idea so it isn't over their heads and doesn't antagonize them well for instance if you're going to talk to elementary school children about chemistry you have to simplify it so they can understand you well I look at it this way if you try to talk to your fraternity Brothers about raising next year's dues and you do it right after winning a football game well they just don't hear you they feel like celebrating sometimes you have to talk about things people don't like for instance sometimes a teacher has to remind his students that they should study harder yes but he doesn't have to antagonize them first by telling them they're dumb or something then they won't pay attention and another thing it's no good shouting at a small group they'll resent it if you try to deliver an oration well can't we say then that generally the speaker has to decide how to signal his audience yes the speaker is responsible if the audience doesn't listen he has to find out what will interest his audience he must present ideas that are worth listening to he must control the visual and verbal signals he sends so that the audience can receive them and he must show feelings to which they can respond if he does all this then the members of his audience will create in their own minds ideas that are similar to his as much like his as possible and they will respond to the speaker as we saw in our chart over here the other day communication by the spoken word is a configuration that involves the speaker and his total personality the audience in its total character the occasion and the speech itself all this took a while to sink in naturally but toward the end of the semester I had a talk with one of the other professors in the department of speech he encouraged me to take some more courses that day he told me more about the phase of the communication process called the circular response and brought into new emphasis what Professor Barnett had said about it it I soon found out for myself what he meant it happened at a student faculty meeting where I was speaking about the importance of having a liberal arts education along with a Technical Training my speech was going pretty well it is a fact that many large Industries are setting up special schools to give courses in literature art and music because they believe that knowing these great ideas and great books will help a man to do better work even if what is doing is technical the audience was a good one I felt that the audience was on my side they wanted to hear the idea as I sensed their response my thoughts became clearer the words came easily I liked talking and then I knew what the professor meant when he said that successful communication always involves a circular response the audience give something back to the speaker and so in conclusion I I ask you to believe in the values of what we at the University call the humanities those studies in the growth and progress of human culture which will be all the more important in the scientific and Technical World of Tomorrow this was a dividend I hadn't expected to enjoy speaking and yet it isn't so strange you want to get an idea across to other people and you have developed the techniques to do it then when you feel your audience responding you know you are successful you know there is real communication when you [Applause] [Music] speak [Music] so at the end there's all this uh sprocket repair perf perf repair here which tells me that somebody excuse me tried to rewind this film back through the projector without pulling it out of the gate and so when you do that it uh a lot of projectors don't aren't good and they lose the loop and they just shred and so I've seen a lot of shredding of perfs kind of off site um anyways fascinating film about public speaking I'm definitely in the lazy Camp of like leaning on a Podium and you that's me um don't prepare and if I do get like caught up in it then I get really nervous so it's a double-edged sword all right uh let's see um uh yeah let's do uh let's Le about earth and its magnetic field it's another cornet film [Applause] [Applause] [Applause] [Music] enjoy why does the compass needle hold fairly steady when a compass is turned because it's in a magnetic field the Earth's magnetic field this field exerts a force on magnetic materials such as the steel the needle of a compass is made from we can visualize a small magnetic field by sprinkling iron filings over a bar magnet covered with a sheet of plastic the filings form a pattern this pattern indicates the lines of force within the magnetic field between the North and South Poles of the magnet when magnetic fields interact we see a different kind of pattern this pattern occurs because like poles of a magnet repel and unlike poles attract a compass needle is a small bar magnet with a North and South Pole the South Pole of the magnet attracts the North Pole of the needle but because the needle is on a pivot it can turn so the compass needle will turn along the lines of force as it's moved at the other side the South Pole of the needle points to the North Pole of the magnet the lines of force connect the North and South Poles points of opposite polarity the same is true of the magnetic field of the Earth Here Also imaginary lines of force connect two opposite poles the north magnetic pole and the South magnetic pole but there is a difference between the positions of these magnetic poles and the geographic poles let's consider just the North geog graphic and magnetic poles and a location on the globe here on the East Coast a compass placed here does not point at the North geographic pole it simply lines up with a line of force that connects the Earth's magnetic poles on Earth the north magnetic pole is defined as the pole towards which the North End of a compass needle points since unlike poles attract it must really be a South Pole but we continue to call it the north magnetic pole to avoid confusion if we extend a line in the direction the needle points an angle is formed its measure is the angular difference between true north and the direction the compass points this angle is called the angle of declination here it's 10° West in this particular location the compass points 10° west of the north geographic pole if we change our location to here the compass needle again lines up with a line of force but at this point the direction of the line of force happens to be the direction to the north geographic pole so there's no angle of declination or declination is 0° on a map we can Mark points that have the same declination they can be connected by a line called an isogonic line this line connects points having 10° West declination because of irregularities in the Earth's magnetic field the isogonic lines themselves are somewhat irregular these are some of the isogonic lines that connect points of equal declination in North America this line connects points of zero declination it's called an aonic line map showing lines of declination are called isogonic Maps readings on the map show how many degrees a compass has to be corrected to point toward True North the compass needle indicates a horizontal effect of the magnetic field a declination but the Earth's magnetic field also has a vertical component using a magnetic dipping needle we can see that the the magnetic field is three-dimensional the dipping needle measures the angular difference between the Earth's horizontal surface and the direction of the Earth's magnetic field at that point the angle formed is called the angle of inclination using a magnetized model of the Earth and a small dipping needle we see that at this point in the northern hemisphere the inclination is almost 90° locating the north magnet magnetic pole it's the same inclination that would result if the needle were above a bar magnet the main magnetic field of the earth is similar to the field of a bar magnet here is a simplified version of the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field a magnetic dipping needle near the north magnetic pole will come to rest almost perpendicular to the Earth's surface here the inclination is almost 90 ° near the equator the needle is almost parallel to the Earth's surface the inclination is about 0° and helps locate the magnetic equator we can connect points of equal inclination to form lines of equal inclination 89° 88° and so on the lines that connect the points are called isoclinic lines and this is also how isoclinic maps are made there is a third feature of the Earth's magnetic field this is the strength or intensity of the field let's think about a magnet again most of the iron filings are attracted to the poles of the magnet where the intensity of the magnetic field is the greatest intensity of the Earth's field is strongest at the Earth's magnetic poles too we can plot magnetic intensity of the Earth's field by connecting points of equal intensity at points near the Magnetic North Pole the intensity is 60 ured the ured is the unit of measurement of magnetic intensity intensity decreases towards the equator until it reaches a minimum of 0.25 Earth Ed about 25° south of the Equator the plotting of this kind of information is part of the work done at this magnetic observatory in Fredericksburg Virginia this is a proton Vector magnetometer a modern instrument used to measure magnetic intensity at the control console precise readings can be made of variations in the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at this location this is an observatory type magnetometer used for measuring magnetic declination or deviation from True North this instrument an earth inductor measures magnetic inclination or dip measurements of the Earth's magnetic field are also made in many places away from permanent stations on land underwater and in the air the Earth's magnetic field is constantly being studied so that maps showing magnetic data can be brought up to date in 1903 the north magnetic pole was here its position here at present indicates a Westerly movement of 3 to 4 miles each year we also know something else about the Earth's magnetic field many places on Earth once saw volcanic activity hot lava poured from these ancient volcanoes as the lava cooled and hardened tiny pieces of magnetic material in the lava lined themselves up with the magnetic field of the earth that existed then so as the lava slowly changed into rock a geologic record of the Earth's magnetic field at the time was permanently set or frozen geologists studying volcanic Rock have discovered that the Earth's magnetic field has apparently disappeared and then reappeared with reversed polarity about nine times in the past 3 and A2 million years scientists examining ancient rocks have also concluded that there's been a Wandering of the magnetic poles about 2 billion years ago the north magnetic pole was located in North America as it is today geologic evidence from rocks in North America indicates that it slowly moved across the North Pacific Ocean and Eastern Asia to its present location near the geographic pole what might have caused the shifting of the magnetic poles one explanation is based on the belief that the Earth's magnetism May originate in the Earth's core of molten nickel iron the rotation of the earth May set up circling edes in the liquid core that produce an electric current this current generates north south magnetic lines of force the short-term variation of the poles may be due to changing patterns of motion in the core the very long-term wandering of the poles can be explained by the theory of drifting continents there are also external influences which can cause short duration modifications of the Earth's magnetic field one of the major influences is activity on the Sun for example when there are solar flares sudden temporary outbursts of electrically charged particles from the sun's surface there are Magnetic storms on Earth temporary disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field radio communication is disrupted effects like these are being studied today with space probes and artificial satellites these have been giving us a more complete picture of the Earth's magnetic field satellites and probes equipped with magnetometers have revealed that there are highly energized and potentially dangerous regions of charged particles surrounding the earth the particles are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field in donut-shaped regions of radiation these are the Van Allen radiation belts named for the man who designed the satellite equipment which resulted in their Discovery it's believed that the charged particles in the outer belt come from the sun's radiation while those in the Inner Belt come mainly from excited atoms formed by the bombardment of the upper atmosphere by charged particles from the Sun the outer portions of the Earth's magnetic field are continuously buffeted by Thin streams of electrically charged particles from the Sun traveling as fast fast as 2 million mph this solar wind the source of the Van Allen belt particles also modifies the shape of the Earth's magnetic field satellite measurements indicate that the Earth's magnetic field resembles a teardrop with a very long tail instead of being an orderly field extending almost endlessly into space the magnetic field appears to be confined in a space called the magnetosphere the magnetosphere is bounded by a thin layer of charged particles called the Magneto paw toward the Sun the magnetosphere is only about 40,000 Mi away from the earth on the opposite side the solar wind draws out the magnetosphere like the tail of a comet more than 3 and2 million mil long the width of the Magneto paw varies from about 200 mil to 2,000 MI learning about the magnetosphere and the Earth's magnetic field is important to man's further exploration and understanding of space man spacecraft that leave Earth for the moon or the planets must be shielded from the dangerous radiation in the van Allen belts a better understanding of these belts is necessary for the safety of space Travelers further knowledge and and understanding of the Earth's magnetic field will help illuminate the Earth's past and make safer man's way into the [Music] future end ended with another shot of a rocket going into space that was the big thing in the late oh boy what is that on my hand do I have something what how did that happen what is that from oh well who knows random Sharpie marks uh yeah so late 50s 60s 7s well 60s uh whatever the subject matter was there was always a nod to the Space Age um showing a rocket launching or somebody on the moon or you know whatever because that was so exciting um so I've got film this is a little bit longer than our show but um you know in keeping with uh Black History Month try to show films that uh kind of give us a history of folks uh of color in the past and how they contributed to our society and culture in the United States and why they're important uh this one is I got this from the uh Library I'm sorry National Archives via fed flick and this is Roy Wilkins right to dignity and this is about Brown versus uh Board of Education enjoy if there is one thing I resolve from the courthouse burning it was that never would I be like those in the mob never would I hate another human being so much that I would kill him and me even if it takes years longer even if the highways are not always wide and smooth I pray that I shall never crawl toward the promised land on the belly of my spirit the humanity common to all men transcends race nationality and color the National Association for the advancement of colored people is the largest civil rights organization in the United States for the past 20 years through the most turbulent times of the Civil Rights Movement the NAACP has been led by Roy Wilkins through dedication and courageous effort Wilkins and the association have had a lasting impact on Contemporary American [Music] history the NAACP was founded in 1909 half a century after the Civil War ended slavery as an institution but most blacks were still victims of poverty discrimination and racial hatred in many states laws kept blacks from the housing Schools jobs and voting rights that were available to White the association was founded on a daring notion that full integration of the races was a necessary and desirable goal through the many years of hardship and the struggle for racial equality the NAACP has maintained its dedication to the theory of integration the NAACP is dedicated to the no discrimination between citizens of the United States uh black and white and all in between in the original call to form the nacp in 199 there was this phrase recent history in the South shows that in forging chains for the Negroes the white voters are forging chains for themselves Roy Wilkins has been a steady steadfast and courageous part of that proud history he has stood firm in times of vacillation and has been a voice for calm Clarence Mitchell head of the naacp's Washington office no one has been closer to civil rights legislation over the past three decades sometimes called the 51st Senator he is a longtime friend of Roy Wilkins I first uh met Roy Wilkins in the 1930s at which time there were many horrible things happening in the United States and there were not many people who were standing up and talking out against such things as lynching and various forms of segregation and discrimination but Roy Wilkins was out there in front at that time as a newspaper editor in Kansas City Missouri in the Kansas City call he later joined the NAACP but I would characterize him as as a man of great courage a lot of common sense and a sense of Destiny in knowing that he wanted to go to a certain place he wanted to bring his people to a certain place and he seemed to have a sense of certainty about doing what he was setting out to do Roy Wilkins was born in St Louis Missouri in 1901 his mother died when he was only 5 years old and he and his brother and sister went to live with an aunt an uncle in St Paul Minnesota he grew up in a community with only a handful of blacks he attended mostly white public schools and spent his time mostly with white friends Wilkins was an excellent student and from early on his writing was powerful and clear when he went to the University of Minnesota in 1919 he joined the staff of the student Daily Newspaper after graduating Wilkins owned and edited a black newspaper in Kansas City Missouri he stayed there until he joined the staff of the National Association for the advancement of colored people in 1931 since then he has had an influence on virtually every major step forward of the civil rights movement in his leadership he has avoided exaggeration and Showmanship but he has always been powerfully effective when Roy Wilkins joined the NAACP in 1931 it must be remembered that this was two years after the Great Depression had descended on this country there was tremendous unemployment among blacks far far higher proportionately than among whites in the country there was also a tendency to try to blame the blacks for various kinds of things that were happening it wasn't necessary for an individual actually to commit a crime all he had to do was be suspected and he could be l [Music] the theory was that you could maintain a special place for black people a special place for white people this would satisfy the Constitution of the United States that was a spous Doctrine but it had a great uh Power in those days for example all of the public schools of the South and in some cities of the north were segregated on the basis of race Roy Wilkins was a part of the team which was made up of Walter White who was then the secretary of the nacp Roy Wilkins and thur Good Marshall who is now a Justice of the United States Supreme Court it was their objective to try to eradicate these kinds of unjust things in 1948 there was uh a sharp um upward Revision in the way black people felt that they would come out uh nothing hopeful but uh an improvement over what had been the postwar period uh left us with a lot of unemployment in this country it left us with uh R turning uh military people who had been off fighting a war for democracy and it was very clear that those who had been fighting for human Justice around the world were in no mood to come back to their own country and find such things as segregation based on race it was then that the NAACP which had been following a program of attacking segregation on a kind of peacemeal basis decided that there had to be a frontal attack on the so-called separate but equal [Music] Doctrine it would take a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court to overturn the laws that kept black children separate from white children in schools Roy Wilkins worked with Thurgood Marshall and other NAACP lawyers to devise a strategy for a supreme court test they enlisted expert Witnesses who testified about the psychological and social harm of segregation to black children they argued that racial segregation in the schools violated the United States Constitution on May 17 1954 the court handed down a momentous decision in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place separate educational facilities are inherently unequal the NAACP had been instrumental in winning the most most significant civil rights victory since the end of [Music] slavery as far as the impact of um the decision uh Brown versus uh Board of Education of Topeka Kansas ahead it simply meant that the system under which thousands and thousands of negroes had been educated uh prior to that time was uh dumped out the window and there what there could no law be passed that uh my children could go to this school and if I were white they could go to that school the 1954 decision spurred the NAACP and other activist groups to challenge segregation in housing transportation and public facilities marches and sit-ins led to the arrest of many demonstrators Roy Wilkins became executive director of the NAACP in 1955 and it was clear that there was much work yet to do to gain true equality not only the laws but the attitudes and traditions of seg had to be overcome when Roy Wilkins assumed the leadership of the NAACP the full impact of the Supreme Court School desegregation decision was felt unfortunately there were many people high government officials in the state who mobilized the virtual arenol of uh types of frustration to try to prevent that decision from being imp implemented we had the scene of a governor of one state the governor of the state of Arkansas using the Armed Forces of that state to prevent black children from going to Public School Roy Wilkins at the Helm of the NAACP had to meet and deal with all of those problems the story was getting across to America and to the world that the Negro was a human being wasn't American citizens presumably possessing inalienable rights which were being grievously bestially violated that the proud and free America could hardly hold its head high enough to escape the stench did we have courts and to what end did we have a constitution for whom what have our vaunted slogan Equal justice under law in uh the period of the 60s uh there was a great Awareness on the part of blacks that by using their political power they could elect officials to public office who would be sympathetic to their cause uh this uh resulted in enormous participation in presidential and local elections by blacks and it also brought into White House a man who had the reputation of being very concerned about human rights and individuals that of course was President John Kennedy around that type of thing there grew a belief that something dramatic had to be done to spark up the actions that were already underway in the Congress to try to get certain kinds of legislation passed it was a Philip Randall one of the Elder Statesmen among the blacks Martin Luther King Roy Wilkins and others from the religious community from labor and other places who got together and hid upon the idea of having what was called a march to Washington in 1963 the NAACP helped organize and staff history's largest protest against inequality a quarter million people black and white came to Washington to tell the American Congress that it must pass laws prohibiting discrimination against blacks we felt that uh it was going to be a flop and uh we were afraid that was going to be uh you know how people are they they uh would we went ahead and uh came out we we came out about noon and the people were flocking down [Music] there the March on Washington went far beyond everyone's hopes and it offered a forum for one of the most eloquent speeches the Reverend Dr Martin Luther King ever made I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its Creed free at last free at last thank God Almighty we are free at last I don't think anybody will ever recover the feeling that the universal feeling that came out of uh um the March on Washington the March on Washington in 1963 LED eventually to the passage of many laws breaking down segregation and inequality in employment voting and housing in the 1960s it was important to have a framework in which to operate and Roy wiin supplied that framework I believe it was a very simple one he pointed out that the Constitution of the United States sanctioned the use of activities such as picketing and such as demonstrations he pointed out that the people had a right to petition their government for redress he also pointed out that there were times when you had to have direct confrontation in order to challenge Injustice uh these were principles that the NAACP had always espoused and had used successfully in challenging ing a lot of injustices but now it had to be done on a Monumental scale throughout the country it was the NAACP lawyers who went to court to protect the rights of demonstrators the NAACP often paid bail money and fines for those who were arrested and jailed in civil rights demonstrations and NAACP members filled the ranks of Marchers and demonstrators Roy Wilkins traveled to Jackson Mississippi in 1963 to join Medgar ever a field Secretary of the NAACP ever was organizing a protest against stores refusing to hire blacks 12 Days Later an assassin killed megar Evans I went down with Medgar ever to protest the denial of employment by woolward stores it was only 12 days before he was slated to go [Music] um he gave me a uh morus operandi for dealing with the with white folks he said uh now this there's a policeman on this corner cor and there's policemen in the rear and the thing to do is not to be any different than the people on the street uh therefore you must conceal the signs Roy Wilkins was arrested that day in Jackson his philosophy of leadership stressed responsible nonviolent action and within the framework of the Constitution confrontation could be [Music] justified after 20 years of active leadership of the NAACP Roy Wilkins retired his successor lawyer Banker Minister Benjamin L hooks the NAACP will not go into Eclipse because Mr Wilkins has resigned in fact he still confing his talents and time as director Emeritus and I look on look to him for advice and some comfort in these difficult days and when Ben Hooks leaves NAACP it will not die because it is an organization of 1700 chapters almost 500,000 dudes paying members and a spiritual kind of kinship that's very difficult to Define Roy Wilkins has had a lifelong dream to see the burden of segregation and inequality lifted from his people and his country we will work harder to secure our rights to decent education jobs and equal protection of the laws let us use every tool at our disposal every hand on Deck black and white young and old old there is unfinished business for us to take care of [Music] we