A/V Geeks Lunch 9-15

do do hello i'm skip alzheimer and welcome to the av geeks lunchtime streaming show where i'm noticing that it's very sunny outside i have a um window here that i have my assistant put some uh it looks like uh clone wars star wars clone wars um characters on the drapes so um normally it's it does a good job of blocking the this the harsh sun but it must be really bright and gross outside so uh hey thank you mitch for uh the coffee right off the bat um if you like av geeks you can support 80 geeks by going to buy me a coffee dot com slash av geeks uh and so i'm skip alzheimer and we collect old 16 millimeter films and show them to you that last film uh i think was part of the coronet collection that we've been scanning and this one was like a master um uh reel but didn't have audio um so it was beautiful had never been run through a projector and was just pristine as far as the quality of the image the color was a little off but no sound so uh let's see what do we got let's go ahead and just watch something that's on the uh on the telecini which is behind me um it's about squirrels or is it [Music] squirrels are up [Music] squirrels are down squirrels live in the forest [Music] and some live in town let's see the words that tell where the squirrels are [Music] squirrels are in the trees [Music] and on the ground [Music] squirrels are up [Music] squirrels are down [Music] squirrels are in [Music] squirrels are out and in and out [Music] squirrels are here squirrels are there [Music] where are the squirrels [Music] they're everywhere [Music] so [Music] [Music] words that tell where are called adverbials of place [Music] what adverbials of place yes adverbials of place tell where where are the squirrels [Music] the squirrels are near the log [Music] beside the log under the log [Music] and on the log [Music] can you find the adverbials of place in these sentences [Music] squirrels are up [Music] squirrels are down squirrels are outdoors squirrels run around [Music] they climb on rocks [Music] they eat on a log [Music] they play in the park [Music] squirrels go inside squirrels go outside [Music] [Music] adverbials of place tell where what no where now you tell where the squirrels are [Music] do [Music] let's sing a song about adverbials of place squirrels are up squirrels are down squirrels are in the trees squirrels are on the ground [Music] where oh where where are the up and down in the trees on the ground words that tell where are adverbials of place adverbials of place [Music] squirrels are here squirrels are there squirrels are on the log squirrels are everywhere everywhere words that tell where [Music] come on let's all sing together squirrels are up squirrels are down squirrels are in the trees squirrels are on the ground [Music] where oh where where are the squirrels up and down in the trees on the ground words that tell where are adverbials of place [Music] squirrels are here squirrels are there squirrels are on the lawn squirrels are everywhere where are the squirrels here and there on the log everywhere words [Music] a place yes that will be one of the contenders for the uh toe tapping tournament 2022. um that was so good uh almo it makes me think i wonder if jim burroughs wrote it jim burrows wrote uh all the uncle smileys um one turkey two turkey uh he wrote a bunch of stuff for aci and ames and learning corporation and so just wondering if he did this this one i don't know all right this next film is an art film dream of wild horses [Music] good foreign [Music] so [Music] [Music] [Music] so [Music] [Music] wow [Music] so so [Music] so [Music] so [Music] [Music] [Music] so [Music] [Music] so [Music] so [Music] so [Music] [Music] me [Music] so [Music] so [Music] so [Music] [Music] so [Music] so [Music] beautiful and horrifying holy cow um i didn't remember the horses actually being on fire uh i remember the smoke i remember it's been a while since i've seen this film and i remember the slow motion and the music was actually really beautiful and haunting but yeah the horse that's running on fire is uh yeah not cool um and you know this is europe so there there was no as cat our association for the protection of animals or cruelty i i can't remember what it stands for but um this is back when they would have trip wires for horses that would break their legs and all sorts of things uh so not a pleasant thing uh so alex thank you for the coffee it's very much appreciated uh this footage doesn't have any horses in it i don't think it might have a squirrel though here we go enjoy making and in other life processes plantings rivers and lakes and these constitute our chief surface water supplies about one third soaks into the ground and becomes our underground water part of the rain is used up by dense forests which require about 20 inches annually while grasslands prevail where the rainfall is between 10 and 30 inches a desert is a sign of meager rainfall life here is greatly restricted rainfall is unequally distributed with the result that we find native forests in the west and east grass in the central states and sparse desert plants in the southwest to exist man requires a continuous supply of water springs furnish an accessible though limited source underground water may also be tapped by wells such as this old dug well and sweep many large cities some located here by dots depend upon underground water tapped by modern wells for other cities surface water taken from rivers constitutes the only adequate and available source some cities take their water from nearby lakes surface waters are also made available to certain cities by impounding the headwaters of rivers by dams america's largest city depends mainly on watersheds for its water supply new york city needs one billion gallons of water daily an amount about equal to the flow in this river wells and cisterns originally used became inadequate and about a century ago the city started to develop the croton watershed 50 miles away the water was carried by an aqueduct here crossing the harlem river the growth of the city soon necessitated additional water supplies then a watershed was utilized in the catskill mountains 100 miles away in this watershed the runoff in streams is impounded by a dam with associated dikes and weirs to form a reservoir later a second watershed was developed on the northern slope of the catskills by constructing a dam to impound its water from this reservoir a tunnel 18 miles long passes under the dividing mountains and discharges its water into a creek which flows into the reservoir on the south slope from this catskill system water enters an aqueduct and continues on through this aqueduct for about 70 miles to an intermediate reservoir through the greater portion of this distance the aqueduct is of cut and cover construction about 17 feet in diameter grade tunnels carry the water through obstructing mountains to underpass the majestic hudson river a pressure tunnel sinks a thousand feet through the underlying rock this enormous problem required extensive cooperative work by geologists engineers and other experts in tunnel construction cutting through solid rock hundreds of feet underground as shown here is only one of the many problems in constructing an aqueduct because of the difference in elevation gravity provides sufficient pressure to transport the water from the catskill reservoirs to the kensico intermediate reservoir the great bulk of this water remains in this reservoir for about one month from here it flows to a small equalizing reservoir which takes care of hourly demand fluctuations with increasing population and water consumption new york city has been compelled to provide the delaware system consisting of three separate watersheds still farther away this has necessitated the construction of a new aqueduct that finally connects with the original system represented here is the watershed system utilized by america's largest city just as important as an adequate water supply is a safe water supply municipal sewage treatment plants reduce pollution caused by sewage and industrial waste typhoid fever is one disease commonly carried by water in one city the installation of sand filters and the practice of chlorination was followed by a marked decrease in the number of typhoid fever cases until today this disease is very rare where scientific controls are employed the laboratory occupies a key position in safeguarding the city water supply water samples are collected daily one test known as a fermentation test indicates the presence of contamination furthermore the water is examined for microscopic organisms many of these organisms impart specific odors and tastes to the water but certain bacteria cannot easily be detected under the microscope therefore a measured amount of water is placed in a dish and a sterilized culture medium is added and mixed this is then placed in an incubator for one or two days in this culture medium each bacterium has now multiplied into a colony that is easily detected these colonies can now be counted or examined under a microscope for identification the water is also examined chemically for the presence of foreign substances that may affect its palatability or its use in industry and homes the presence of ammonia indicates organic decay and is determined by an elaborate test involving distillation an indicator whose intensity of tint is revealed in a colorimeter gives a measure of the amount of engine in the original water sample most surface waters pick up fine particles of clay or soil causing turbidity this is tested with a candle at the bottom of the cylinder the water sample is poured in until the turbidity obscures the light of the candle when water stands quiescent for some time as in a lake or reservoir however much of this suspended matter settles out to speed up this settling process alum is often added to the water this forms a flaky precipitate which settles out carrying with it much of the suspended material and bacteria since alum makes water acid and corrosive lime is added to render the water slightly alkaline many cities use filter beds of sand to remove this solid matter this site well eight feet deep indicates the clearness of the water after treatment cities more and more mix activated carbon to the water to remove color odor and taste aeration is another common method of removing odors and increasing palatability of drinking water the final step in water treatment involves adding chlorine this completes the sterilization by destroying all harmful bacteria and other organisms in new york city water already made pure and safe enters the city through two huge tunnels drilled through solid rock about 200 feet underground risers bring the water up near to the surface the water flows from the risers to connecting mains then into lateral street mains and finally through service connections into each building on the street the higher elevation at the reservoir causes water to flow into the city by gravity however some consumption points are higher than the source and pumps must be used many high buildings have their own pus to maintain a sufficient water pressure to the top floors the water thus provided has many uses it flows through thousands of safe drinking fountains it is used in the cooking of many of our foods in laundering our clothing and in other ways water contributes to cleanliness and health water is used in generating steam for heating buildings water aids in defending the city's health by flushing our streets and by carrying away sewage clean water plays an important role in healthful recreation water also is an essential part of the composition of beautiful fountains the control of destructive fires requires water sometimes in great amounts water without which man cannot live must be supplied in abundance and with safety to assure healthful living in a modern city [Music] oh it looks like it was muted anyways um what did i say uh let's see water still being piped through pipes this film is about instead of steel it's about copper enjoy oh gee thousands of years ago in neolithic valleys of the middle east a new material began to replace flint and bone in the weapons tools and ornaments of an earlier age more durable more workable it changed the course of human history [Music] [Music] today copper-bearing minerals like malachite azurite and turquoise are still sought and traded for their natural beauty as they were long before ancient smiths discovered the metal could be won from rock by fire [Music] by the time of the pharaohs the mining and smelting of copper had become a thriving industry a new age had dawned a new science was emerging metallurgy by adding tin bronze was produced harder and more castable than copper alone and so central to the rise of the first great civilizations it gives that age its name here began a partnership between metal and the imagination between copper and the inventive mind that yielded new technologies new tools and implements that forever transformed civilization industry and trade science agriculture architecture and art curiosity ingenuity technology little more than a century ago copper again played a profound and central role in the birth of a new age an age of electrical energy flowing through a vast and complex web of copper conductors copper its value in every age based on unique combinations of properties properties that derive from its fundamental form copper is an element number 29 in the atomic table an atom of copper has a nucleus of 29 protons surrounded by 29 electrons arranged in four shells or orbiting pathways fourteen atoms bound together by sharing electrons form a unit cell which has all the properties of the metal unit cells joined by sharing atoms form crystals and crystals packed tightly together become the metal whose special properties have given rise to the countless ways it can be shaped and used [Music] copper is ductal capable of being drawn or stretched without breaking so ductile a single pound can be drawn down to a wire 100 miles long [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] copper is an excellent conductor of electricity [Music] its conductivity its ductility and its availability have made possible our extensive use of electrical energy in this age [Applause] [Music] rogers [Music] be [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] in many ways we have come to depend on the durability and reliability of copper on its alloys of brass and bronze and on the ability of these metals to resist corrosion [Music] copper is malleable capable of being hammered rolled or stamped cold as well as hot coal working copper in fact hardens the metal as its atoms are compressed increasing its strength [Music] when heated it can be easily formed by pressure [Music] the combination of malleability and corrosion resistance and its workability have made copper a hidden part of our daily routine in a network of copper tubes and pipes unnoticed but essential to our way of life copper is also an excellent conductor of heat a property of increasing importance in the development of energy technologies like solar collectors most of which are a combination of heat transfer and plumbing systems copper combines easily with other metals with zinc to make brass with tin to make bronze with nickels silver and steel to make alloys more durable more castable more corrosion resistant than copper alone alloys formed into shapes both useful and beautiful [Music] from native copper nuggets picked up in some forgotten time the search for copper led to minerals like malachite and azurite more than 30 copper [Music] by the turn of the century the american west had become the major copper producing region in the world but high grade ore bodies near the surface were soon gone and to meet increasing demands miners turned to leaner and leaner ores twenty percent ten percent five percent copper cut from deep within the earth [Music] today geologists search for clues of hidden mineral deposits with technologies made possible in part by the metal they seek technologies like spectrometry and electromagnetic surveys if the clues are promising exploratory drilling begins and the search goes underground so thousands of feet of core samples are taken [Music] analyzed evaluated [Music] the mineralization of the deposit determined its boundaries delineated the investment required to reach the deposit and its earnings potential are weighed against dozens of other factors environmental studies availability of water and power and the social implications of mining and ore processing [Music] the decision to mine is a calculated risk taken to meet increasing needs at reasonable cost from ores that may now contain less than one percent copper in this century the primary source of new copper in the united states has been and will continue to be low grade poor free deposits in the american southwest hard rock copper sulfide ore containing very little metal as little as four tenths of one percent today rarely more than one percent what makes these porphyry deposits economical to mine is their enormous size and uniformity the potential for valuable byproducts such as gold and silver and when they're near the surface massive efficient open pit operations bench by bench the pit expands slowly consuming the ore body in a process that may take 50 years or more [Music] to recover 100 pounds of copper from a typical deposit 30 tons of waste rock and overburden must be blasted loose and moved another 10 tons of ore mined 80 000 pounds of rock to gain 100 pounds of metal [Music] open pit mining methods are economical when the ore body is relatively near the surface but when the ore body is far below the surface or copper occurs in a narrow vein running deep into the earth mining goes underground [Music] thank you if oh alright far below the surface our subterranean city evolves by careful design a sophisticated support system for miners and machines to reach the copper bearing ore a maze of drifts or access ways must be cut through hard rock so [Music] so [Music] [Music] many different mining goods are used underground in some cases ore is recovered by blasting and machine loading in others large blocks of ore are undercut causing them to cave into collection shoots which convey the broken ore by gravity to haulage levels below where it is transferred to skips and hoisted to the surface by whatever method mined underground or open pit copper is recovered from sulfide ores in a three-step process concentration smelting and refining concentration begins by crushing the ore to reduce it to a workable size [Music] [Music] mixed with water the crushed ore is ground to a powder in ball mills huge drums loaded with steel balls releasing tiny copper sulfide and iron sulfide particles in a series of floatation cells injected with air special additives coat these tiny particles causing them to cling to the rising bubbles forming a froth which is skimmed off [Music] the mineral bearing froth filtered and dried is a concentrate of 20 to 30 percent copper rich enough to be economically smelted the waste rock or tailings remaining after floatation is pumped to thickeners here the solids settle out to be moved finally to tailings dams often large remote areas set aside for permanent disposal the water is recycled if necessary a chemical seal can be applied over the dams to prevent erosion and wind-blown dust or they can be treated to encourage plant growth stabilizing the surface when copper occurs in oxide ores or copper sulfide ores are too low in grade to be economically concentrated the metal can be recovered in a hydro metallurgical process known as leaching under controlled conditions water is percolated through the sulfide ore a chemical reaction causes an acid ferric sulfate solution to form this in turn converts the copper sulfides to copper sulfate which leaches out and flows in solution to collecting ponds when oxide ores are leached a dilute sulfuric acid is usually added to the solution to dissolve the copper minerals by washing the solution over scrap iron an ionic exchange occurs causing the iron to go into solution and the copper to precipitate out the leech solution is recycled and the copper more than 70 percent pure is sent to the smelter along with copper concentrate from the mill oh the purpose of smelting is to break the chemical bonds between copper and the sulfur iron and other impurities in the concentrate charged into the furnace into 2300 degrees fahrenheit the concentrate melts and some of the sulfur burns off as sulfur dioxide gas unlike traditional reverberatory furnace systems newer smelters capture this gas as well as particulate matter the captured sulfur dioxide is then transferred to an acid plant to be processed into commercial grade sulfuric acid in the smelter some of the iron and other impurities in the concentrate separate after adding a flux of silica rock and rise to the surface in a slag which is tapped off and discarded [Music] once again the furnace is tapped releasing a molten sulfide of copper and iron known as matte now thirty to sixty percent copper the mat is transferred to a converter furnace [Music] in the converter air is forced through the mat oxygen and more of the sulfur burn off as sulfur dioxide gas also collected and sent to the acid plant silica rock is again added and combines with the remaining iron to form converter slag this slag contains some copper and is skimmed off and reprocessed air is once more blown through the converter this time oxidizing all but a small percentage of the remaining sulfur from ore to concentrate from concentrate to matte now copper blister copper 97 pure many [Music] [Laughter] [Music] [Music] one last furnace the anode vessel here air is again blown through the copper oxidizing the rest of the sulfur reformed natural gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen is blown through chemically reducing the oxidized copper leaving it nearly oxygen free copper now more than 99 pure is prepared for the final phase refining cast into shapes called anodes [Music] so [Music] in an electrolytic refinery the copper is purified and small amounts of gold silver and other precious metals are recovered the anodes are submerged in a solution of dilute sulfuric acid and copper sulfate thin starter sheets or cathodes of refined copper are interleaved with the anodes carefully spaced to avoid short circuits an electric current is applied and the anode copper dissolves migrating as copper ions through the solution to the cathodes depositing as elemental copper valuable impurities including gold and silver sink to the bottom to be recovered later in about 14 days the cathodes are removed 99 and 99 100 pure copper the product of complex physical and chemical processes ready to be drawn hammered rolled extruded alloyed cast to do the hundreds of jobs we take for granted every day and in an age of new perspectives on the finite resources of the earth the enduring quality of copper may be its greatest value nearly one third of the two to three million tons of copper we use each year comes from recycled scrap from mill scrap generated during fabrication from obsolete or discarded copper products [Music] a renewable resource recycled at a fraction of the cost and energy needed to produce new copper from today's low-grade oars curiosity ingenuity technology the future is being explored today new secrets of the red metal learned new uses discovered and the partnership that began thousands of years ago between metal and the imagination between copper and the inventive mind continues [Music] so [Music] so uh doing some research looks like that came out in 1981 uh through the bureau of mines and um soundtrack was pretty great i i liked the the music it was questionable at certain times i'm like really okay you going with that sure um but uh yeah i ended up so i got a bunch of films from duncanville pennsylvania which was kind of rural pennsylvania i'd say about an hour outside of pittsburgh it was a big collection of films probably three thousand in that collection and um there were a bunch of films about mining in there i've also gotten other films from the bureau bureau of mines here at uh in raleigh from nc state university which also deal with mining so i have a lot of films about mining and um minerals and stuff like that unfortunately only one about blasting cap safety so i'm still actively looking for that i know there's been requests for more blasting cap safety films beyond don't touch but i'm still looking thanks everybody for tuning in today and indulging me in some of these these films that took us our eyeballs all over the place and um put us a little bit on edge i think um thank you william for the coffee you can buy us coffee at buy me a coffee dot com slash av geeks and reward us with slight vibrations to our nervous system thanks to caffeine you can also go to avgeeks.com and see other films that we put online and buy dvds there and you can hit like or subscribe and just tell the world about av geeks and that you were like hey uh look at this what this person's doing just for a little while you might be interested um thanks again everybody i will see you again tomorrow being thursday is that right yeah thursday one o'clock everybody take care and have a good rest of your day goodbye six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three