A/V Geeks Lunch 2-9-2022

so so so so so so so so so so hey i'm skip alzheimer welcome to the av geeks lunchtime streaming show i'm going to try to turn on the light here hold on so does that help a little bit um uh have a ham in the comments said um youtube comments said uh no band hammer just rainbows and shines shine well the sunshine is overpowering my webcam and it's making putting me in the shadows so there you go anyways yes i like that um you know both youtube and facebook eventually took down the video and it's all because of a british information service film called your children's meal and some mysterious group that is claiming the copyright on it on behalf of somebody um and i don't think it's the british information service i think it's somebody else who's um claiming it and they shouldn't be claiming it anyhow uh we're just gonna keep showing 16 millimeter films and if youtube decides they don't want it then we'll just keep showing it and if facebook decides they don't want it we'll just keep showing it and um twitch so far has not kicked us off so that's always a plan b okay anyways uh let's learn about some moped safety enjoy wow [Music] please come on mark no shirley why not what are you afraid of well it's just that you're inexperienced that's why i want to learn i'll be careful i know don't you trust me sure it's not that then what is it well look at all this traffic so many money what traffic that's why we came here remember it's perfect look you told me yourself it's almost as easy as riding a bicycle come on please well it means that much to you okay girls all like [Music] just remember i worked hard to pay for this thing and if you wreck it you're in big trouble lady relax i can do it just give me the facts [Music] okay [Music] [Music] like shirley a lot of people these days are eager to experience the joy of mopeddling that's a fact of life the number of mopeds on the nation's streets is increasing rapidly as people of all ages fall in love with this unique form of transportation the reasons for the public's growing romance with the moped are fairly obvious compared to the automobile a moped is inexpensive to purchase and maintain a moped has an automatic transmission which makes the vehicle easy to operate in traffic and perhaps most important the typical moped averages about 135 miles per gallon of precious fuel you know i think she's got the right idea and finally riding a moped is just plain fun although a moped is an enjoyable and inexpensive form of transportation the new rider must realize that it's not a toy it's a motor vehicle and as such must be used responsibly the moped is subject to the same traffic laws as the other vehicles with which it shares the road and because the moped is smaller and slower than those other vehicles it's vital that the mo pedalist acquires the knowledge skills and good judgment needed to ride safely in traffic so let's take a look at the facts of life that can help make any moped writer relationship a happy and safe one when you start out the engine and it's cold don't forget to use a choke because the most obvious fact is that the novice must become thoroughly familiar with the machine before riding in traffic first some general information as the word moped suggests the vehicle employs two power sources a motor and pedals while there are many models on the market all mopeds are equipped with single cylinder engines rated at between one and two horsepower and capable of producing speeds of between 20 and 30 miles an hour horsepower and maximum speeds allowable are determined by state laws the pedals are used to start the machine and to allow human power to assist the engine on takeoffs and on hills at other times they serve as foot rests the prospective buyer should be aware that most states require the vehicle to have operable pedals and an automatic transmission to merit the benefits of special moped laws the buyer should also be sure the moped meets federal safety standards required safety equipment includes headlight tail and stop lights reflectors rear-view mirror and an extra switch to stop the engine before taking that first ride the beginner must become completely familiar with the mopeds controls and starting procedure basic controls include the fuel valve which starts and stops the flow of fuel to the carburetor an ignition switch a choke which aids in starting a cold engine the throttle controlled by the right hand grip and the front and rear brake levers these are mounted on the handlebars the moped should always be started outdoors because like a car it produces exhaust which contains poisonous carbon monoxide the dealer can demonstrate the correct way to start a particular model a moped is usually started on its stand but many people started by pedaling on the road the next step for the beginner is to get acquainted with the machine in operation a quiet parking lot or side street is a good place to learn basic writing skills at first the new rider should concentrate on maintaining proper balance and riding position body erect arms bent slightly and feet firmly on the pedals the novice must learn to maintain course and maneuverability at different speeds and develop the reflexes needed to use the throttle and brakes instinctively control of the machine must become automatic the beginner should practice stopping and starting frequently to get the feel of the machine's capabilities when braking the rider must learn to maintain a straight line and to stop at a given point normally the rider should apply both the front and rear brakes in stopping the front wheel brake supplies most of the moped's braking power and the rider must be able to use it properly the novice should also acquire the habit of pedaling briefly from a stop to build up speed faster practice leaning into turns and learn to keep the pedals horizontal when cornering so they won't hit the ground all these skills must be mastered before the rider takes to the streets you gotta talk your parents into buying one of these i've been working on it but can you picture my dad riding one of these why not my grandparents do writers who know the facts of life about moped safety see the wisdom in wearing a helmet even though it's not mandatory in most states appropriate clothing includes a long-sleeved shirt or jacket to protect the arms long trousers and of course shoes or boots to protect the feet bicycle clips or rubber bands should be used to keep flared cuffs from becoming entangled in the moped's moving parts because the moped is small and has a narrow profile the rider should do everything possible to be visible in traffic bright clothing and riding with the headlight on help make the rider more readily visible to motorists the horn can help too and the rider should not hesitate to use it despite these precautions riders should always assume they are invisible to motorists they often are for example here the mo pedalist is hidden behind the driver's windshield post the writer must be prepared to yield the right-of-way in this situation the mo pedalists should also be aware of blind spots behind cars because mopeds generally travel on the right side of the lane they often are invisible to motorists making sudden right turns cautious rider avoids this problem by slowing down and putting more space between the vehicles this makes the mopedelist visible in the driver's rear view mirror and gives the rider more time to react to a sudden turn since the mo pedalist is even less visible in the dark night riding should be kept to a minimum however when a night ride is unavoidable the sensible rider always wears light-colored clothing uses reflective tape on his or her jacket and helmet and stays on well-lit streets as much as possible day or night the mo pedalists should use common sense in deciding where to ride the moped was not designed for off-road use and any attempt to take it over dirt trails could be damaging [Music] to machine and rider alike [Music] thoughtful riders respect the moped's docile nature and therefore limit the machine to smooth well-paved roads and streets since the moped is tame and docile even at top speed wise riders try to avoid competing with fast-moving traffic whenever possible they choose less traveled streets over busy thoroughfares on any street the mo pedalist must be prepared to cope with certain inevitable hazards such as chuck holes sewer drains trash and assorted automobile droppings the alert mo pedalist will reduce speed to a crawl and steer around such hazards whenever possible railroad tracks are another common obstacle the rider should cross them at an angle as close to 90 degrees as possible keeping a firm grip on the handlebars wet slippery streets pose a special hazard to the mo pedalist to prevent skids the rider should reduce speed avoid sudden changes in direction and allow extra braking distance the rider should always avoid braking while in a curve even on dry pavement no matter how good the road careful mo pedalists always use common sense when carrying passengers and other loads many mopeds are strictly one-person vehicles so riders should carry passengers only if the machine is clearly equipped for such travel and state law allows it a passenger should hold on to the rider's waist keep feet on the foot pegs at all times and lean with the rider in turns above all riders carrying passengers must remember to compensate for the additional weight by allowing extra stopping distance was that who i thought it was no it couldn't be let's find out [Music] transporting less lively cargo requires care too riders should always distribute the weight evenly between baskets to maintain good balance riders never hand carry anything because both hands must be on the handlebars at all times baggage must be tied securely to the moped using elastic fasteners or tie downs if necessary the writer should also make sure no loose ends are hanging and that the load doesn't hide the vehicle's lights in mo pedaling common sense and courtesy go hand in hand thoughtful riders signal all turns and lane changes well in advance to give motorists time to react being courteous helps ensure their own safety at intersections courteous riders are always willing to yield the right-of-way to larger more powerful vehicles it's just common sense to do so traveling in pairs thoughtful riders never impede speedier traffic by riding side by side if a frustrated motorist tries to squeeze by the car may force the riders together in a most unromantic way experienced mo pedalists avoid such entanglements by riding single file keeping an adequate space cushion between themselves and other vehicles a moped speed is reduced considerably when climbing steep hills so if traffic starts to back up the courteous rider will pull off the road and let motorists pass unhindered of course there are always a few thoughtless riders who seem bent on endangering both themselves and others they're the ones who weave in and out of traffic ride illegally on sidewalks and take occasional short cuts through the corner gas station hey what do you think you're doing you're such foolish riders survive to a ripe old age it won't be because they haven't made enemies courteous mo pedalists on the other hand always ride within the bounds of law and reason they share the road willingly showing respect for the rights of other motorists and pedestrians among the facts of life dealing with moped safety none is more important than the maxim that says always expect the unexpected riders who live by this rule try to anticipate safety problems before they occur it begins with a pre-write inspection to make sure the moped is in safe working order are the brake levers operating smoothly are all the cables connected are tires properly inflated and free of cuts or other damage [Music] chain tight enough is the throttle working smoothly are lights switches and horns all working a prewrite inspection may take a little time but if it prevents an accident it's time well spent [Music] in traffic writers who expect the unexpected practice a defensive attitude they keep their eyes moving scanning the road for potential hazards they use the rear view mirror and frequent head checks to stay aware of traffic behind them defensive riders always assume a car door will open at the most inopportune time so they're seldom surprised and because a ball rolling into the street is often followed by an impetuous child defensive riders will always be ready for a sudden stop even at a green light defensive riders slow down and check traffic before proceeding it should be obvious by now that learning to ride a moped safely is not really difficult the beginner should keep these three basic facts of life in mind first become thoroughly familiar with the machine and its operation before riding in traffic second use common sense and courtesy when riding make yourself visible ride on less traveled streets as much as possible and yield the right-of-way to larger vehicles [Music] and third always expect the unexpected be a defensive rider [Music] oh my gosh where did you get this i can't believe he actually bought one yep from now on this is the way i get to work can i try it out well you've got to know what you're doing it's all right i taught her the facts of life about my pet safety i mean [Music] a lot of scooters in raleigh and they are not mopeds they're just loud scooters um i'm not sure the rules i think it's under a certain horsepower they're allowed to go without license and there's all sorts of transgressions with them ride down sidewalks uh basically ignoring traffic signals etc and they go all hours of the day and night so there you go it's it's kind of third worldish like uh in that that that form of transportation is all over the world and gets people from point a to point b uh all right uh so behind me i have a film set up set up on the telecity and [Music] um it answers the question what is wrong with vandalism maybe we'll find out enjoy [Music] there are a lot of things about you that other people see every day but deep inside you is something that other people don't always see your feelings a lot of the time you probably feel happy but sometimes you might feel other ways for instance suppose you own something you liked a lot and one day you accidentally broke it if this happened to you you'd probably feel very sad the more important the thing was to you or the harder it was to replace the worse you would probably feel it might take you a long time before you started feeling happy again other people have feelings too and even though different people might look different on the outside most people's feelings work about the same way yours do like you other people are often happy once in a while they have reasons for feeling sad too of course like everyone else you have a lot more feelings than just happy and sad sometimes you feel bored or angry and sometimes you feel like doing something you know you shouldn't do for instance there might be times when you feel like damaging something or breaking something on purpose everyone has feelings like this at one time or another even adults why do people have these feelings sometimes people feel they'd like to damage something because they're bored and looking for something to do or because they're curious about what will happen if they break something or because they want to show off and think that might be a good way to do it or even because they're angry with themselves or with another person but whatever causes these feelings suppose people just allowed them to run wild the world would be a noisy mess and everything would be broken no one wants that so people have to learn how to manage these feelings but suppose you don't manage these feelings and you damage something on purpose that's called vandalism it isn't vandalism if you damage something by accident and it isn't vandalism if you want to damage something but don't it's only vandalism if you actually do it suppose one day you decided to break something just for fun something that belonged to someone else suppose the thing didn't look very important to you you might think what would be the harm in breaking it it takes some imagination to see the harm one way to see it is to imagine how you might feel if someone broke something of yours you might feel afraid and worry about what else the person might do or you might feel sad that anyone would do something like that or you might feel angry because you think you don't deserve to have your things broken even if the broken thing didn't look important to anyone else it could have been very important to you for all sorts of reasons maybe you just happen to like it a lot or it was a gift from someone very special to you or you had some especially good times with it whatever your reasons for liking it if someone broke it on purpose you would probably feel terrible so it's easy to see that if you broke something that belonged to someone else the other person might feel just as terrible and that that's where the harm would be but that's not the only harm someone would have to clean up the mess and that would take time and suppose the owner wanted to replace what was broken that would take time too and cost money and it's possible that there wouldn't be enough money to buy another one then what the owner would have to get along without it so it's pretty easy to see that if you damage something that's owned or used by someone else you can really cause a lot of harm but what if you damage something that's used not just by one person but by many people suppose you were very angry about something and suppose you didn't control that feeling but instead took your anger out on something many children use a swing on your school playground for instance there would be many people who couldn't use the swing maybe for a long time and they would probably all feel bad what else would happen someone would have to repair the swing or replace it and that would take time and money money that might have helped to buy something else like a new slide or a new teeter-totter but now it couldn't be spent that way so if you didn't control your anger and you broke the swing you'd really be taking something away from a lot of people people you know what if you damaged something that belonged to someone you didn't know suppose you saw a flower garden and you had a feeling it might be fun to tear up that flower garden and you didn't control that feeling what would be the harm in that you might not care about flowers the flower garden might not be important to you at all but it is very important to somebody and that person would probably feel terrible because of what you did but what if you damage something that doesn't look like it's owned by anybody for instance what if you decide to write on the wall of a large building like a post office or your school or a restaurant or a department store would that harm anyone the answer is yes every building is owned by somebody sometimes by more than one person sometimes by many people you might not know the owners they might even live far from you but whoever the owners are in one way or another they would have to pay to repair the damage so if you feel like damaging something on purpose and if you don't control that feeling but actually do some vandalism you don't just hurt a thing in one way or another you also hurt real people that's what's wrong with vandalism but no matter what your feelings are if you try hard enough you can manage them sometimes that's not easy and there might be one time when it's especially hard suppose you're with some friends and they feel like doing something they shouldn't do like breaking a window but you don't want to break the window you do feel that you want your friends to like you so at a time like this it might be very difficult to keep from going along with them once again though it helps to think about what might happen next suppose you do break the window then what a broken window can be very dangerous someone could get seriously hurt maybe you or one of your friends and vandalism is against the law so you could get into serious trouble but even if these things didn't happen someone would still have to clean up the mess and pay for a new piece of glass and put it in that would be a lot of trouble for somebody so for all these reasons you'd need to manage your feelings and not go along even though that might be very hard it could be that some of your friends don't really want to break the window either but no one wants to be the first to say so so if you speak up you might actually be doing some of your friends a favor and you'd be helping to stop something that could be really harmful but what if sometimes you really have a lot of trouble managing your feelings no matter how hard you try [Music] then you should talk about the problem with someone you trust an adult might be able to help you think of ways you can handle your feelings without vandalizing the important thing is to remember that in one way or another vandalism always hurts real people so if you feel like damaging something and you manage that feeling you have every right to feel another way proud of yourself [Music] [Music] so uh let's stop this um it's interesting so the coronet's original series that this is a kind of a variation on or it's a reboot of yeah is that what we we say when we talk about film um this was originally the beginning responsibility series and they call it now the taking responsibility series so it's a different philosophy kids are not are originally introduced to the concept of responsibility for their actions uh and this one is like no we want you to take the responsibility this is so they cover similar ground although uh it's interesting that this one you know you have one very specific things about um i think uh there are beginning responses they're parallels between the two but it's a different age this was the 80s so things are different all right this film is a little warbly but it's pretty great it's about soap enjoy carl mason is planning a class demonstration of soap making to make the soap carl uses fat and lime first he weighs out the lye or sodium hydroxide as it is usually called in a laboratory since the sodium hydroxide must be in solution to make soap coral pours the solid sodium hydroxide into water when they are mixed heat develops so carl sets the solution aside to cool while he adjusts the balance to weigh out the fat needed he uses about seven times as much fat as he does sodium hydroxide this is clean waste kitchen fat that carl collected at home it should make good soap the fat must be warmed before mixing the sodium hydroxide with it a mixing temperature of about 100 degrees fahrenheit gives good results the flame quickly warms the fat then coral begins to add the sodium hydroxide it is the reaction between sodium hydroxide and fat to form soap what is the nature of this reaction let's consider this a molecule of fat consisting of a glycerin part and an acid part and let's consider these molecules of lye consisting of sodium parts and hydroxide parts now when these molecules interact the sodium parts of the lye molecules go with the acid part of the fat molecule and the hydroxide parts of the lye molecules go with the glycerin part of the fat molecule this reaction results in three molecules of soap and one molecule of glycerin fat plus lye gives soap plus blizzard this process is called saponification saponification is what occurs when fat and lye react in commercial soap making the glycerin is usually removed in about 10 minutes or as soon as the mixture of sodium hydroxide and fat has a honey-like texture it is ready to pour into a mold this mixture should stand several days more before it is used so that all of the fat and lye will react to form soap and glycerin carl's soap has been standing for more than a week and he thinks it is ready to use it has a fine texture and should have good cleansing qualities but before carl tries out his soap to see how well it will remove dirt let's take a close look at hands we say are dirty in a close view the skin would look something like this notice the oil film on the skin and the dirt particles suspended in it seen even closer it would look something like this the oil and the dirt particles coat the skin now when we use soap and water to wash our hands what happens for one thing the oil film breaks up into small globules that is it emulsifies and a layer of soap one molecule thick coats the [Music] skin the oil globules and the dirt particles closer still it would look like this the soap molecules not only free the oil and dirt from the skin but help keep them from becoming attached again if they touch a clean spot as the washing continues the soap films are indifferent to each other and so the oil globules and dirt particles can easily be rinsed off notice that oil globules or dirt particles that drop toward the skin during washing do not become attached again thus through washing and rinsing oil and dirt particles are cleaned away a layer of soap molecules invisible to the eye remains on our hands even after rinsing now we will see soap making on a commercial scale this is the receiving yard of a large soap-making plant here fats and oils arrive in carload lots this man collects a sample from a tank car that has just come into the yard the sample he takes will be tested to make sure it is of good quality after testing the fat and oil in the tank car are pumped to the refinery here pipes lead the fat and oil to huge kettles the refinery man opens a valve and the oily mixture pours into the kettle here it is heated with a solution that removes acid impurities in a few hours when the impurities have settled out the refined oil mixed with bleaching substances goes to the filter press room these filters separate out the bleaching substances that have removed colored impurities from the oil a press man collects a sample of the fine clean bleached oil if the color appears satisfactory at this stage and after further tests the bleached oil will be pumped to the soapery to be used for soap making this oil serves the same purpose as the fat carl mason used in his laboratory demonstration in this room called the sovery refined and bleached oils that have passed required tests are mixed with lye and heated to make soap this soap maker checks the mixtures in the kettles in this kettle the operation of saponifying and purifying the soap has been going on for nearly a week this reaction is the same as in the laboratory demonstration the soap maker now makes tests to see whether saponification is complete the feel of the mixture indicates whether there is any fat that is not reacted the taste indicates whether any lie remains this soap seems just right so the soap maker collects a sample for a more accurate check in the chemical laboratory soap that passes all these tests goes to the drying room the soap still in liquid form first falls into a trough and onto a huge revolving roller the roller carries off a continuous thin layer of the liquid soap the soap layer cools on the roller and falls in clean white ribbons a conveyor belt carries the ribbons of soap into a drying oven after drying the soap travels onto this hopper from the hopper a measured batch of soap falls into the mixer the mixer operator opens the safety guards to pour in preservatives perfumes and other materials needed in soap making he adds these ingredients to give special qualities to the soap in a few minutes the mixing is completed then the soap drops onto this revolving screw that feeds it into the bar forming machine the soap leaves the bar forming machine in one continuous bar a knife cuts the soap into sections then fine wires cut the sections into individual cakes a moving rack carries the cake to an inspector's table the inspector places the cakes on an endless belt the soap is now ready for staffing and wrapping and to start on its way to our home it was dry alright but uh big fan of uh that process and let's watch a kid make soap in the lab um and so that film was uh warped when it was uh transferred and so somebody was holding their finger on it was probably an intern of mine or an assistant of mine or me maybe me uh to kind of keep it in conjunction keep it uh in contact with the sprocketed wheel and um and you could hear that weird kind of sound um which was some some problem with the soundtrack so there you go all right so behind me i got another film um threaded up i should say um i appreciate you guys's uh comments and um sticking with me um you can support us by hitting the thumbs up button or the like button or telling people about what we do you can also buy us coffee at ko dash fy.com av geeks that's one way you can reward us is keeping us caffeinated during the rough times uh so this next film oh i need to change the title is uh it's another question or maybe it's not it's how a hamburger turns into you and this is a nutrition film and what i discovered is a lot of nutrition films in the 20th century are actually made by the dairy council and i i've often thought about that like why would they do that like why are they the ones talking about what is a good diet well i think one of the reasons is because it is an advertisement for dairy for the products that they make to say that dairy is an important part of the american diet even though there are other cultures where there is no dairy in their diet and they seem to be doing fine so it's kind of an interesting way to like well we're going to talk about nutrition and since we're the ones talking about nutrition this is what we're going to highlight and that's a problematic of western culture is a lot of people who tell us what is good to eat are benefiting from that and those that are declining to tell us what's not good to eat are also benefiting from that so uh here's a wonderful intro to the film um the focus leader etc so enjoy before the film begins the volume and tone are identical with the soundtrack which follows [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] let me have a hamburger please it's pretty apparent that there's a connection between eating and growing but how does a hamburger turn into me or a grape or milk or an egg we eat a fantastic variety of foods all tastes all colors all shapes but all of them come from living things what are living things made of what are you made [Music] nice of and molecules that's right you're made of atoms and the atoms are joined together to form molecules about sixty percent of the molecules in your body are water some seven percent are minerals calcium in the bones and iron in the blood and others one percent are carbohydrates which are sugars and starches fourteen percent are fats and about 18 of the molecules in your body are arranged in combinations called proteins other living things are also made up of molecules of water and minerals and carbohydrates and fats and proteins in varying amounts i see the things i eat are made out of the same ingredients i made out of so i just eat the food and use the ingredients that's true but it's not as simple as that take proteins for example life has many forms there are millions and millions of different kinds of living things and in each of them there are tens or hundreds or thousands of different kinds of proteins and no two kinds of the proteins are exactly the same for example all the different proteins in corn are different from all the different proteins in a fish which are different from all the different proteins in a cow which are different from all the different proteins in you then how can we get the kind of proteins we need we'd have to eat other people eat people they're the only ones that would have the right kind these are protein molecules seen through an electron microscope they're big for molecules some of them are made out of as many as 200 thousand atoms still ten thousand of these protein molecules could fit into one insignificant corner of a small grain of sand a protein molecule is put together in the form of long chains twisted and turned upon themselves the links that make up the chains are smaller molecules called amino acids there are 20 different kinds of amino acids represented in this model by 20 different kinds of beads in how many ways can 20 different things be combined actually twenty objects can be arranged in about eleven hundred billion billion ways but even the smallest protein is made of many more than twenty amino acid building blocks amino acids are repeated along the chain and the different combinations possible are more than anyone can count and that's the way it is in nature there is an unlimited variety of proteins but all of them whether in a vegetable or a fish or a man made of combinations selected from the same twenty kinds of amino acid building blocks this display represents a typical amount and variety of foods consumed by a 12 year old american boy in one year there are millions of different kinds of proteins to be found in this collection of foods but only 20 kinds of amino acids your body uses these amino acids to build the particular kinds of proteins that are part of your skin and your hair and your bones and your cells in other words you here's how the process works when you bite into food and chew it you break it up into smaller pieces in the stomach and in the intestines digestion breaks these pieces into smaller and smaller bits finally big molecules are split apart into smaller ones the big protein molecules are split into amino acids the protein molecule may have been part of a turkey or part of a glass of milk but the amino acids that remain are no longer bits of turkey or bits of milk now they are simply protein building blocks the same for all forms of life the amino acids supplied by the food you eat are absorbed from the intestines into the bloodstream circulated throughout the body and delivered to the cells each type of cell selects the amino acids it must have to build the particular protein molecules it needs these steel beams can be put together in many ways [Applause] these amino acids can also be put together in many ways the raw materials are the same what makes the ship turn out differently from the building plans that's right plans the amino acids are the same for all living things what makes an ant turn out differently from you plans write again plans plans that are recorded on molecules in your cells these are living human cells in each cell there is a nucleus and in each nucleus are small bodies called chromosomes in the chromosomes are molecules of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid or dna for short these dna molecules are enlarged four million times if you could look even more closely you'd find that the chain like molecules are very complex made out of many thousands of atoms but the atoms are grouped to form four different kinds of units which are repeated over and over again along the chain of the molecule it's possible to form a code by varying the arrangement of just two units like dots and dashes in a dna molecule the arrangement of four units is varied to form a code which is used to record plans for building protein molecules this greatly simplified model represents a part of a dna molecule on which the plans for building one kind of protein are coded we'll represent the four units of the code with four distinctive shapes each different shape painted a different color assume that the cell in whose nucleus this dna molecule is located requires another protein molecule the kind whose plans are coded here a molecule of a substance called messenger ribonucleic acid or messenger rna forms on the dna molecule when the messenger rna molecule leaves the dna it carries the coded information with it it is a messenger these amino acid molecules have reached the cell as the result of the digestion of food also in the cell are molecules of transfer ribonucleic acid or transfer rna there's a different kind of transfer rna molecule to fit each of the 20 different kinds of amino acid building blocks these bodies in the cell are called ribosomes they are the assembly lines so to speak where the protein molecules are put together as the messenger rna with the coded plans on it comes in contact with a ribosome the matching transfer rna molecules fit into place and the amino acids are linked together results the amino acids are linked together in the exact order called for by the coded plans on the dna molecule in your body and the new protein molecule needed by the cell is built even the smallest protein has at least a hundred amino acid building blocks not six and we've skipped many in between steps but essentially this is the way a protein molecule is put together in a cell when a cell needs another protein for purposes of growth or for replacement of a worn part a molecule of messenger rna forms on a part of a dna molecule where the plans for the required protein are coded the coded plans are duplicated on the messenger rna which moves away from the dna and attaches itself to a ribosome amino acid building blocks in the cell each join with their particular variety of transfer rna the transfer rnas with their appropriate amino acids attached find their places on the messenger rna and the amino acids are linked together the result is a new protein molecule put together according to plans but a hamburger isn't our protein is it no what happens to the other things in it like proteins molecules of carbohydrates and fats and molecules with atoms of mineral elements attached are broken down by digestion into different kinds of smaller molecules common to all living things these small molecules move out of the intestines into the bloodstream which circulates the molecules throughout the body and delivers them to the cells in the cells the molecules derived from food can be used as building blocks for the construction of other molecules needed by the body or they can be broken down to release the energy stored in them [Music] the energy supplied by food is also used to power the continuous rearrangement and reproduction of molecules in the cells that is the essence of life how many separate operations are required to build this building from start to finish such things as a shift of gears a blast of a torch turning a nut a blow of a hammer a sweep of a broom citing a transit pulling a line making a signal raising a beam an estimate one trillion such operations performed over a period of one year are required to build this building the cells of a human body perform a hundred times a trillion separate operations in one second [Music] it's a complex fantastic mechanism this system that changes food into us but it's successful operation is up to us it can work properly only if it's been supplied with the raw materials it needs you eat foods of many kinds which are broken down in your body into basic building blocks that are common to all living things these building blocks could be put together to form the molecules of any living thing but they're not because the plans in your cells are followed and the building blocks are put together to form the particular substances out of which your body is made that's how a hamburger turns into me so great um some people mentioned it the uh when they were coding the rna in honey or maybe it was the dna in honey um the wood blocks and honey it did look like a candy bar commercial i was like mmm that looks delicious [Laughter] um yeah i you know i like it well i mean it's from the 70s so it it has a special place in my heart uh and speaking of special places my heart i have uh thank you from to macon michael and william for buying us coffee um i love you all but making michael and william i love you even more because of the coffee you've bought me uh and bought us here at av geeks uh you can buy us coffee at ko-fi.com av geeks you can also go to avgeeks.com and see other shows that we have on and stuff lots of other stuff and you can also buy dvds there i'm experimenting with a new store on square versus big commerce because big commerce is very expensive uh anyways thanks for tuning in thank you for letting me borrow your eyeballs for a little more than an hour oh we'll be back again tomorrow tomorrow's thursday right yeah um in the meantime hit like hit subscribe subscribe subscribe subscribe subscribe seven six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three