A/V Geeks Lunch 2-16-2022

so so so sorry there was a fedex question uh hi i'm skip alzheimer and welcome to the av geeks lunchtime streaming show uh yeah we watch old 16 millimeter films from our collection and also from uh other collectors collections and that last one was shore deposits that came from oregon archives and ultimately was part of the mogul brothers collection which was a film library in new york city where you could rent films and they would send them to you so uh let's see what do we got today lots of interesting stuff um let's start off with a bang and by bang i need mine everybody but this isn't a story about picnics it's about something much more fundamental some very core of the mystery of life enzymes [Music] you've never seen an enzyme they're so small microscope yet they're so important that without them you wouldn't even exist [Music] if we were to take away all the enzymes in the world people wouldn't be able to digest food the complex processes of metabolism and energy conversion occurring in the millions of cells that could not take place no human being could survive not just people no animal could live either without enzymes nothing would grow there would be no food no grass no trees the activity in every living cell would stop without enzymes our world would be as barren this of the moon what are these things we call enzymes what is the nature of their awesome power science is just beginning to explore these complex questions with the help of our laboratory assistant we'll explore them but first let's visit the most fundamental unit of life the cell cells are almost unbelievably small but they're among the molten factories in the world hundreds of chemical reactions occur within a cell every minute complex compounds are built up others are broken down to do their work cells use hundreds of different enzymes an enzyme giant natural protein though it is produced by living cells it is not itself alive enzymes are composed of long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds this is a model of an enzyme each colored strand on the model represents this acid chain this particular enzyme is composed of four chains and each chain is made up of 300 amino acid links the model indicates the positioning of the chains this is a different model of the same enzyme and shows the structure of each amino acid link the pink strand indicates the main flow of the chain corresponding to the green strand you saw in the first model what complicated structures these tiny enzymes are scientists are continually developing new methods to study them such as x-ray crystallography which diagrams the density of an enzyme and helps in the development and understanding of accurate scale models like this enzymes have the ability to change other compounds without being changed or altered themselves this action is called catalysis and it's the key to understanding how enzymes work each enzyme enzyme has what is called an active site an area of the enzyme that actively engages other compounds to cause a reaction this area is an active site because of its complex structure one type of enzyme will work with only one other type of compound a compound whose structure complements its own in other words enzymes are specific fitting together with another compound like two pieces of a puzzle our assistant can demonstrate how it works let's take a puzzle piece and pretend it's an enzyme this area is its active site which must come into contact with the complementary compound when the molecule comes along with a shape that doesn't fit nothing happens they simply ignore each other but when the enzyme finds its complementary compound they fit together perfectly then a reaction takes place in this case the enzyme splits one compound into two different compounds the enzyme itself doesn't change it's free to do the same job again and again with other compounds the enzyme is acting as a catalyst by promoting a reaction this is a very efficient way to work but enzymes aren't just efficient they're fast too in fact a single enzyme may change more than a hundred thousand compounds in one second but enzymes don't just divide compounds they do many different jobs if we pretend our puzzle piece is a different enzyme it might find two separate compounds and join them to form a single new compound almost every chemical reaction in living organisms is controlled by enzymes for example before food can be absorbed by our bodies and used as fuel it must be broken down and converted to small molecules this diagram can help us see what happens when we eat a hamburger take a bite chewing is the first step in the process of breaking food into small particles chewing also releases saliva which mixes with the food saliva contains the enzyme amylase which begins to break down the starch in the hamburger bun into smaller molecules swallow the food partially broken down by chewing and by the enzyme passes through the alimentary canal and into the stomach here stomach cells secrete a gastric juice that contains another enzyme pepsin pepsin helps break down protein in the meat it's sort of a double double-pronged attack amylase for the carbohydrates pepsin for the proteins now the hamburger is a soup-like mixture and passes into the small intestine where a pancreatic juice is released this juice contains a whole range of enzymes each one specially suited to break down a particular type of nutrient the hamburger is now reduced to a group of small molecules like amino acids simple sugars and fatty acids as well as the vitamins salts and water that were in the hamburger from the start these molecules are now ready to be absorbed by the small intestine and at last used by the body important thing to remember about this whole process is that none of it not a single step could have taken place without enzymes in the world of plants flowers like the rose are beautiful but it is the green leaves of living plants that perform a miracle essential to all our lives photosynthesis energy from the sun carbon dioxide from the air and water are absorbed by the living cells of plants and converted into sugars the entire world of living things both animal and vegetable depends on this process for food scientists don't completely understand how photosynthesis works but they do know it couldn't occur without enzymes practically everybody likes cheese different cheeses are a men's diet all around the world the basis for all cheese making is milk and an enzyme called renin renin coagulates part of the milk into curds the basic substance of cheese it's simple to do take a container of milk add a little renin [Music] mix them together and heat them in a short time the enzyme separates the milk into curds and whey primitive man discovered how to make cheese long before he had any idea what enzymes were several thousand years ago the stomachs of slaughtered animals were used as canteens for carrying milk and water when people left their milk canteens out in the hot sun for a few hours they noticed that the milk would clot into soft creamy lumps that had a sharp and strangely pleasant taste primitive man didn't know why but we know that the enzyme renin found in the lining of the animal stomach was changing the milk into cheese today we found a way to produce renin in the mass production of cheese nature has in fact provided an enzyme for just about every job when the enzymes and yeast change the sugar and grapes to alcohol you have wine when enzymes convert grains into sugar then into alcohol you have beer [Music] today scientists have developed many other ways for enzymes to serve man doctors have long recognized the value of enzymes in identifying and monitoring liver diseases diabetes and infections of the pancreas and enzyme injections can be used to dissolve blood clots and to help reduce the possibility of heart and brain damage this strip is coated with an enzyme the time will change color and measure the amount of sugar in the solution doctors use this trip to test urine samples or evidence of diabetes in patients enzymes can help mankind in still other ways we have become increasingly aware that we must protect and preserve our environment this means reducing pollution and that's where enzymes come in again enzymes promise to play an increasingly important part in our fight against pollution since they have two characteristics that are especially valuable first they are specific like an arrow they go straight to their target and to one target only one enzyme acts on only one compound this means it leaves other compounds undisturbed the second valuable characteristic of enzymes is that they are completely natural substances produced by living cells and they are not pollutants themselves [Music] in fact enzymes are now replacing dangerous acids and chemicals in a number of industrial processes like tanning animal hides and removing protein waste from dairy and fish processing machinery thus enzymes effectively reduce the number of pollutants being added to the environment still other wonders lie in the future there are some two billion people in the world who don't have enough protein in their daily diet scientists believe enzymes can provide protein by helping to process protein-rich vegetables soybeans are a good example they have a high protein content they're easy and cheap to grow there's just one thing wrong with them they taste terrible but enzymes can be used to remove both the bad taste and the parts of soybeans that are hard to digest what's left is raw vegetable protein that can be made into a meat like substance that's not only attractive but taste good too so enzymes may ultimately help us surmount perhaps the greatest problem our world has ever faced the awesome challenge of feeding too many people with too little food it's a big job but enzymes have been doing big jobs for a long time until just recently they were doing it with no help from man now things are a bit different through his knowledge of enzymes man has gained a greater understanding of the forces that shape his world and new tools with which to forge his future [Music] um i'm trying to find information about that film it's not on world cap um but it looks like it was made by a company that probably makes and sells enzymes for industrial use so calyx films all right um behind me i got a telecini uh where we watch um we have old um films 16 millimeter films set up so that basically there's a camera here and the film goes through and there's something that looks for uh sprocket holes and it flashes every time a new frame appears so you get a flicker free image uh and so we have this film all american roses enjoy [Music] this label on your rose bush is its hallmark of quality any rose bearing this symbol has been proved to be a superior variety [Music] what is an all-america rose selection and what does it mean to you as a gardener it's a new rose variety chosen as outstanding after careful testing all over america it means a new road that anyone can grow cities tested thoroughbred rose bushes need a large garden to enjoy roses you don't need to gamble on unknown untried varieties [Music] the story of the all-america rose selection starts with the hybridizers growers all over the world work constantly to achieve perfection in roses crossing and re-crossing to reach the finest possible combinations of beauty vigor and disease resistance first the pollen is collected from the chosen male parent the next step is to remove the stamens of the seed parrot to make certain that the bloom does not pollinate itself [Music] then the pollen from the male is dusted onto the stigmas of the mother flower [Music] after the cross is completed the bloom is identified with a number all data on the progress of the crossing will be carefully recorded the pollinated bloom is covered to protect it from foreign pollen [Music] if cross-pollination is successful the seed apples or hips will swell with seeds [Music] plants from these seeds are transferred to test fields where they will be carefully watched 99 of them will be discarded the hybridizer may experiment with as many as 10 000 crosses yet find that only two or one or perhaps none are good enough to try for the oscar in the double ars competition to produce a road that has any chance of meeting double ars standards requires at least six years work the all-america group was founded in 1938 by a number of the country's leading growers they established tenants where they are scored by impartial highly qualified judges according to a uniform point system in the trial garden at hartford connecticut the expert rosarian everett piester like 20 other judges in various parts of the country makes regular trips to check all varieties currently under test 13 important qualities are required in a rose among them are hardiness the quantity of blooms and continuous flowering throughout the season blooms are checked for fragrance and form for firmness and texture of the petal and for color in all stages [Music] roses that seem perfect in connecticut may not do well in other sections roses tested in hartford are subjected to the same scrutiny in texas for two years all the judges make official reports to the national rose jury judge eldon w lyle is comparing fragrance the major qualities are allotted a certain number of points like 12 for vigor 10 for foliage 7 for fragrance and so on the unattainable score of 105 represents the perfect rose [Music] again roses that thrive in texas may not be successful in oregon and so they are tested on the west coast just as carefully as everywhere else judge edmonds scores on the roses in the portland test garden will be combined with the scores of the other judges when totals from the 21 stations are compiled by the rose jury only roses with near perfect scores are awarded the designation all-america rose selection in 1951 no award was given because none of the entries met the all-america specifications less than 40 have achieved this in the trials they are known by code numbers if they succeed their names become world famous [Music] charlotte armstrong introduced in 1941 is an all-climate long-stemmed hybrid tee with rich series blooms about four inches across [Music] this hybrid tea rose in 1944 winner was named for the wife of the famous general a vigorous grower its blooms are never fading coral pink suffused with yellow peace appeared on the american scene as a symbol of hope in the year 1946 the huge five to six inch blooms change in color from yellow to pale gold to cream the unchallenged winner of the 1947 trials rubiot is a hearty long-stemmed rose with large rich light red flowers and a lovely fragrance [Music] 1948 introduced the fragrant diamond jubilee the six inch blooms are a warm glowing buff orange with a touch of orange yellow at the base of each petal [Music] the same year of 1948 produced two exquisite red roses nocturne and san fernando the dark crimson red of nocturne deepens in the center as it opens san fernando is an intense scarlet hybrid tea the long lasting flower holds its fragrance until the last petal drops fashion a 1950 winner introduced an entirely new color in roses luminous coral pink suffused with gold [Music] 1950 also presented three hybrid tea winners mission bells a hearty plant produces a full salmon pink bloom of up to five inches across capistrano reaches a height of four feet in most climates the large blooms present a glowing rose pink array of 36 heavily textured petals [Music] the high centered blooms of sutter's gold are a deep yellow with rich shadings of gold shot with red the fragrance is unusually pronounced [Music] this large room has 50 yellow petals penciled with pink a 1952 winner it was created by and named for the late fred howard the famous rosarian [Music] the 1952 vogue the cherry coral floribunda has immense clusters of perfect high scented blooms it's a spectacular rose sweet smelling radiant and vigorous the third 1952 award went to hell in trouble a large apricot pink hybrid tee it's an exceptionally strong girl america testing provides the home gardener with roses that will grow anywhere in the uniteds into california everywhere in between roses cover the country you will see them along driveways and in backyards and in formal beds you will find them in the living room of your great aunt in paducah you will see them in your neighbor's garden [Music] and in the grounds of public buildings [Music] you'll see them as casual splashes of color in tiny plots and in sprawling fields you'll find them in the most unexpected places wouldn't you rather see them in your own garden roses give another satisfaction quite apart from the pleasure that you get from growing them for many months of the year you can enjoy them not only in the garden but inside the home [Music] this is the gardener's moment of supreme satisfaction when you can boast to your friends yes those roses came from my own garden and they weren't really a bit difficult to grow [Music] when you're ready for planting next fall or spring look for the all-america rose selections label on your rose bush it's the hallmark of quality in roses [Music] um so i have a couple of films about roses i would say several films about roses um uh this film was from the uh north carolina department of cultural resources and i know that i haven't seen this film uh because i actually had to take this label off of it that was covering the hole and so i looked when you were when folks were like this looks familiar i looked and we did show another film called rose development and uh there were some other ones that we've shown um so my guess is that this organization every year maybe maybe every other year uh put out a film talking about who won the competition the all-american rose selections competition so they might have pre-used some uh footage that they had already shot before i'm not quite sure anyhow what do we got here uh let's see we watched all right um we've stumbled across a couple of blackhawk films that actually have sound and traditionally blackhawk would distribute to home markets of early silent films and they wouldn't have sound and this is yet another one of the awesome train films this is a steam locomotives of the baltimore and ohio enjoy [Music] so so so [Music] [Music] [Music] um [Music] oh [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Applause] [Music] so [Music] [Music] so [Music] [Applause] um [Music] um [Music] [Music] okay um i guess there's no theme music to go in and out on this so that's probably what was going on uh anyway so that was shot by uh a filmmaker named fred macleod who was based in the pittsburgh area and would shoot amateur um films for himself like home movies but also for uh specific groups and for train enthusiasts and he was a train enthusiast and he sold some of his footage uh to black hawk so that's what we saw pretty great okay so on the telecini behind us again again again um the webcam isn't quite mirrored so it's very confusing um i have a film called your job and we have quite a few films called your job but this one is your job as related to uh fire prevention um oh and mitch thank you so much for the coffee uh one way you can support av geeks is go to ko dash fi.com av geeks and buy us some piping hot caffeinated brown bean juice we love it all right so here's your job enjoy [Music] the fire that you are watching now is one of almost 50 000 industrial fires last year you know that fire injures thousands of people every year people like you and me and that countless jobs and millions of dollars of wages are lost every year fire is not a mystery because we know the causes of fires yet they happen they happen because most people are really not interested in fire prevention not interested that is until fire strikes them [Music] fire cares not who it strikes or where it strikes it makes little difference where you work whether in a new one or two-story building holding or the industry or business involved fire prevention is not a new subject fire protection authorities have pleaded with us for years to learn and practice it but still people go about in their daily lives unthinking careless causing fires where do we start what do we have to do to save our jobs and our lives cooperation between management employees and the local fire department is one of the best ways to prevent fires its people being involved in fire prevention many industrial plants and shopping centers have organized fire brigades and fire prevention programs to promote fire safety practices throughout the company premises to instruct and train all personnel to effectively fight and control fires and to help in evacuation if necessary the primary objective of a fire safety program is to prevent fires to keep your plant operating and to assure your safety and your job in the smaller industrial plants or other occupancies where there is no full-time safety or fire prevention officer the local fire department is usually happy to give instruction and periodic drills cooperation with your fire department will serve a dual purpose the fire prevention officer will give you the latest fire safety information such as new techniques and methods of handling hazardous materials and you can keep your fire department up to date on new materials you handle that might be hazardous or new processes or storage arrangements that they might need to be aware of in case of fire [Music] keep your work area clean and orderly this is one of the best ways to prevent fires poor housekeeping can create hazards hazards that can cause fires and injure people like you and me look at your work area is it littered with rubbish unused materials accumulations of dusts oil drippings or other job wastes keep covered metal trash containers nearby and use them to keep your area free from waste combustibles if you don't you may be providing fuel to start a serious fire are you really familiar with the area you work in do you know where the nearest fire alarm box telephone and fire extinguisher is located if a fire started and quickly cut off your usual means of exit hug it out for your own safety and the safety of others you should never block iron heating to exit [Music] at the end of your work day you should spend an extra minute or two and check to see that all electrical and heating equipment is shut off or otherwise properly set for the night that all your rubbish is in proper containers and that your cigarettes are out start and end each day with your work area free of potential hazards this is a good way to ensure that your job will be there tomorrow one of the most frequent fire causes is careless smoking a burning cigarette or sparks can touch off flammable liquid vapors or certain kinds of dust lint or other materials if you must smoke at work you must observe the no smoking areas no smoking signs are posted for a good reason your safety and to guard against fire dangers to property and possible loss of your job from fire a trash container should never be used as an ashtray put out your smoking materials in a fire safe receptacle and make sure your matches are out for many of us the edge of the workbench windowsill carton top or desk is a convenient spot to place a cigarette one of these times that cigarette is going to roll off unnoticed onto some waiting combustible material if you must smoke do so only in an area where it is permitted and use proper ashtrays temporary wiring or extension cords are an invitation to fire electric cords should never be hung over nails wrapped around metal pipes placed near heat sources laid in moisture or oil they should never be laid or hung over passageways where they might be stepped on driven over or run into loose connections broken plugs defective switches or outlets these are fire danger signs always report any electrical equipment in need of repair numerous fires have been caused when unprotected lamps or drop lights have broken and the sparks from the exposed filament have ignited vapors dust or other materials if you work in an area where flammable liquid vapors or gases are present make sure that you are using explosion proof electrical equipment specially designed for use in hazardous areas unseen vapors from gasoline benzene naphtha and other flammable liquids can ignite explosively if you work with flammable liquids don't give the vapors a chance to accumulate when positive ventilation is used the fans must be a type designed for hazardous areas when you transfer flammable liquids from storage drums to safety containers an approved pump or spring loaded safety faucet should be used the container should be electrically bonded to the drum clean up spilled liquids immediately on large flammable liquid spills notify your fire department for some of us gasoline has served as a good cleaning solvent gasoline is not a cleaning solvent it's a fuel it's made to burn in an engine don't take chances with it the proper storage of flammable liquids is most important large amounts of flammable liquids must be kept in metal storage cabinets or specially designed rooms these rooms should be well ventilated and free from all other combustible materials keep only small amounts of flammable liquids at your work area when needed keep them in clearly labeled listed or approved safety containers oil soaked rags and wiping cloths are an invitation to fire keep them in a covered metal container until they are cleaned or disposed of sometimes several sources of heat are present heat for comfort heat that we use for power molding baking drying distilling and chemical reactions always store combustibles away from any source of heat that might be adequate to ignite the combustibles or initiate a chemical reaction careless use of cutting or welding equipment has caused thousands of fires and always presents a potential danger the acetylene torch can produce a 6000 degree fahrenheit flame if there are move the job away to a safe area move the combustibles away or protect them with fire resistant covers be certain that the area has been inspected and the work approved by supervisory personnel before beginning a cutting or welding job hot slag and sparks especially from cutting operations can travel many feet or through openings or cracks if you are working with cutting or welding equipment near walls ceilings or floors that have openings cover the openings a charged water hose or fire extinguisher should be ready at hand and a fire watch station to observe the sparks and globules of hot metal and promptly extinguish fires in any combustibles that are accidentally ignited pipes or other metal objects can conduct heat over a distance starting a fire out of sight check nearby areas and keep watch after the job is done and until the work has cooled sufficiently [Music] extreme caution must be observed when working near equipment or containers holding flammable liquids gases vapors or dusts special fire precautions will be needed on this type of job possibly including provision of an instrument to check for dangerous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors if in doubt call your fire department for advice before starting the job friction produced sparks and heat are also causes of fires your work area must be free of flammable vapors or dust before using grinding or spark producing equipment overloaded or sparking motors overheated bearings slipping belts and pulleys should be given immediate attention if you operate a machine or other equipment and it is not in proper operating order report immediately don't minimize fire prevention for production a fire can stop all production for a long time or permanently if you work at a special process involving materials that are hazardous you must know what the potential hazards are and how to minimize them for instance if you work with metals such as magnesium or magnesium alloys you should know that you never use water to extinguish a fire involving these materials use an extinguisher designed for use on class d fires do you know what class a b c and d fires are they are the four recognized types of fires portable fire extinguishers of current manufacture bear a series of markings so one may quickly be identified for the particular class of fire on which it may be used class a fires involve ordinary combustibles such as wood cloth paper rubber and many plastics these fires are best controlled by the cooling effect of water water solutions or the effects of certain dry chemicals that interrupt the combustion process the proper extinguisher for a class a fire is identified by the letter a in a green triangle class b fires are those involving oil gasoline grease paint or other flammable liquids these fires are best controlled by cutting off the supply of air or oxygen by use of carbon dioxide dry chemicals or foam the extinguisher is marked by the letter b in a red square class c fires involve electrical equipment the use of electrically non-conducting extinguishing agents such as carbon dioxide or dry chemicals is required to safely control this type of fire an extinguisher for use on class c fires is marked by the letter c in a blue circle class d fires involve certain combustible metals such as magnesium titanium zirconium sodium and potassium and require a blanketing heat absorbing special extinguishing agent that is not chemically reactive with the burning metal the proper extinguisher is identified by the letter d in a yellow star some portable extinguishers are suitable for use on more than one class of fire these extinguishers are marked for each class of fire on which they may be used know where the extinguisher is in your work area read the label and most important know how to use it if you don't then have someone show you if you use an extinguisher never place it back on the rack or hanger regardless of how small the amount used it must be refilled or replaced immediately notify your supervisor many factories office buildings industrial park areas and shopping centers have automatic sprinkler systems this is a system of overhead piping having frequently spaced discharge devices called sprinklers or sprinkler heads except for systems designed for special occupancies the sprinkler heads are normally closed and are designed to open at a predetermined temperature and discharge water so as to completely cover the area of the fire to ensure that the discharge of water is not obstructed stockpiles and racks must be at least 18 inches below the sprinkler heads the 130 fires a day that occur in factories and industrial plants cause the loss of thousands of jobs and most important people are injured and lives are lost this is why you should know what to do if a fire occurs taking the correct action during the first few minutes of a fire can mean the difference between a small fire extinguished with little damage or a disaster where is the nearest fire alarm box to your work area do you know how to operate it if you are not certain that you know how have someone show you fire alarm boxes on public streets send an alarm directly to the fire department when a box is pulled be sure that someone stays at the box to show the firefighters where the fire is many fire alarm boxes or pool stations and plants shopping centers and other properties activate only the alarms on the property and do not transmit the alarm directly to the fire department in this case it is the responsibility of the security personnel or responsible department to notify the local fire department if there are no fire alarm boxes available it will be necessary for you to notify the fire department by telephone immediately give them the exact location of the fire the type of fire injuries or persons trapped if known if a fire occurs and you are able to do so safely check to see that doors are closed in your area it will slow down the spread of the fire and smoke do you know where the fire extinguishers are located do you know what type of extinguisher to use and do you know how to use it do you know where the standpipe hose is located and how to use it remember all the hose must be completely removed from the rack before the water is turned on kinks in the hose will restrict the water flow to ensure a maximum and sufficient water supply open the valve all the way and see that all kinks in the line are removed when you leave a burning building the following procedure is recommended and should be included in periodic drills stop work shut off power fuel supplies and machines place stools or other obstacles out of the aisles do not take time to get your clothes pocket books or other personal belongings but go directly in an orderly manner to the nearest exit from your area close doors to the fire area on route if possible in the event of a fire regardless of its size do not use the elevators use the nearest exit stairways elevators may be deactivated by a fire causing anyone inside to be trapped or they may automatically stop and doors open at a floor involved in fire don't run don't lag don't shout leave the building immediately and once outside the building go to a safe designated area stay outside the building until the fire department determines that it is safe for you to return a good fire exit plan calls for a systematic accounting for all persons who were in the fire area by meeting in a predetermined location outside the building there is no excuse for having almost 50 000 industrial fires a year most of these fires can be prevented by you and me the daily practice of fire prevention and your knowing what to do if a fire occurs can save your job or your life now what could be worse than that nonsense [Music] [Music] [Music] is already yearning put the books in the fire see the flames growing higher burning books is [Music] books will not make you why and reading's bad for your eyes i am sure you agree so why don't you give all your books to me [Music] good morning [Music] see the flames [Music] [Music] you should listen to me burning your books will set your mind free hmm something's all messed up um yeah so i'm on a new computer and for some reason that didn't play the way i expected it to play and so i apologize for that like it just kind of stopped it's very weird um we'll figure that out so anyways thanks for tuning in today thanks mitch for the coffee um and uh yeah um we'll see you tomorrow uh i might be traveling but i'll somehow figure out a way to see you so everybody have a great rest here wednesday and uh we will see you soon everybody uh take care bye [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] you