A/V Geeks Lunch 12-31-2021

do do hello everybody i'm skip alzheimer and welcome to the av geeks lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16 millimeter films and that last film was uh educational film uh from the 30s um about breathing something we all need to be doing um and surprisingly sometimes we don't do it our human body is kind of messed up that way and that sometimes under stress we don't breathe as much as we should be so um just a reminder to do that um jacob thank you for the coffee right off the bat wait a minute it's my microphone people are saying that my mic's not working can you not hear me um no i i should be broadcasting uh anyways um off track sorry william something's not going on where you can't hear me um just not too loud interesting see this is going to be one of those podcasts for somebody who's going to sit there and read all the comments um so uh let me boost boost my levels some is that better any better okay anyhow here we are um it's the end of a not so great year but it was a great year because we got to hang out together and watch a bunch of 16 millimeter films which uh in non times was going to be difficult you know really it's something that um i would have to kind of carve out time for and you know so the hidden uh lining to this dark dark cloud is the fact that we get to spend so much time watching old 16 millimeter films from my collection and that ultimately is really really cool uh so we watched according to my account and not including what we're watching today we watched 120 films so that's um more than 100 films a month and that's phenomenal and you guys most of you were there for the full thing so thank you for that um we got a lot more to go you know we have at this rate we have 20 years worth of film to watch um wow that's kind of sobering actually um man i have to sit and kind of figure that out but uh i'll keep doing it um until i can't until i don't have time to do it but uh this is such an important part of our our lives my life that um i i just want to keep going so thank you again thank you for the coffee thank you for your comments thank you for sharing this with other people thank you for your eyeballs i've tried to be very delicate with them but you know sometimes it doesn't happen uh so today we're gonna watch it's probably gonna turn out to be just one film um that has two reels but it's a lulu it's a wonderful film it is uh part of the bell science series it is um about time and it's about time that i've shown this film um and it's about time and that's the title about time so let's go ahead and get started enjoy the bell telephone system brings you another of its series of programs on science man's effort to understand nature's laws [Music] it is written to everything there is a season and a time to every purpose under heaven [Music] [Music] time what is time when we try to say what it is it loses yet man can measure time with the greatest precision with his instruments he can stretch it or compress it what the scientist knows what he hopes to know about time is the financing subject we will explore [Music] the idea of time is so much part of our habits that if we're really to look at it or think about it objectively perhaps we'd better create a new atmosphere of thinking and for a new atmosphere suppose we take an imaginary trip into the vast universe of stars and planets galaxies and meteors [Music] [Music] now to set the stage for our story about time suppose we imagine a brand new planet there we'll give it a name planet q and the people there as we imagine them will be normal intelligent people except for one strange thing they don't know much about time and their king would like to set the clock sir are we ready to set the clock very well let the clock be set yes sir but where will i put the hands well you what time is it [Music] if you don't know find out yes sir follow the story we'll call it an earth scope we'll use it to examine some of the things that people on earth have found out about time come in hello say we've run into a little problem i wonder if you could answer a question the king wants to know what time is it oh yes we oh the correct time you see we're setting our clock so that we can do everything on time well tell him to set it any place he likes thank you [Music] any place that's right well let's see suppose we use the earth scope screen bring the earth into focus see what time it is down there [Music] is that the correct time it is for london england but what time is it they call it noon that also happens at what they call midnight or is midnight before or afternoon 12 hours after or 12 hours before all depends i'm glad whether you're talking about yesterday or tomorrow but they had to start somewhere how did they go about it the rhythms of nature probably gave man his first awareness of time man must have observed the recurrence of natural phenomena the movements of the sun [Music] the moon and the stars he noticed that these events in the heavens seem to coincide with events on earth the spring and the rains summer growth of leaves the autumn ripening of fruit he thought the moon sun and stars controlled his crops this was understandable because to him sun the moon and the stars were gods people began studying the heavenly bodies as they made notes of their changing positions the science of calendar making began almost every civilization labored to devise a workable calendar some of them were based on the cycles of the moon others on the movements of the sun none of them came out just right [Music] even the gregorian calendar the one used today is not perfect wouldn't you think by now they'd have a perfect calendar no it's not so easy you see the time it takes the earth to rotate on its axis is a day but the time it takes the earth to revolve around the sun is a year but a year comes out to 365 days five hours 48 minutes and 46 cans and the problem is what to do with that leftover fraction of a day that's why they add an extra day every four years except of course when that year falls at the beginning of a century of course but they add the extra day every fourth century of course but it's still off 26 seconds a year so they call it a calendar but it's still off 26 seconds a year it's very interesting i thought so and after we get the clock set we'll get a calendar but one thing at a time yes sir just explain to him that we need to know the time to eat to sleep and so forth just anytime won't do well early man didn't regulate his habits two o'clock all animals including man and plants too have a built-in time sense i didn't know that it's long been considered a wonderful phenomenon of nature that plants seem to know when to flower and set their seeds at just the right time that furry animals have a way of knowing when to change to their heavy coats before the first cold winds of winter that birds by some instinct know just the right time to set out on their long migrations and always bear their young in a season favorable for survival it was once commonly supposed that these seasonal occurrences are triggered by changes in temperature but investigations have shown that plants and animals depend mostly on timing mechanisms within themselves internal clocks internal clocks that's right interested yes this clock or biological timer determines the seasons by the changing lengths of day and night particularly the periods of darkness darkness yes here is dr anton long plant physiologist and director of earhart laboratory who has been experimenting with the timing mechanism of the cockleburp plant the autumn flowering cocklebur needs about eight and one-half hours of continuous darkness to flower as autumn comes the nights get longer when they get long enough for the plant's timer to tick off eight and one-half hours of darkness the flowering begins if the nights get longer that means the days get shorter but how did they know it wasn't the short days that did it well they didn't so they conducted a series of experiments under artificial light they simulated various proportions of night and day from these experiments scientists proved that it isness that the cocklebur plants measured and all plants and animals have one of these internal clocks well some plants and animals have another kind of timing mechanism this one doesn't measure darkness or any apparent outside influence it regulates the activities of the plants and animals by time periods alone bean plants for example have this kind of continuous clock they raise or lower their leaves without much regard to temperature light or darkness some animals like the hamster also have a continuous clock the hamster's daily cycle is broken into definite periods a period for eating a period for sleeping a period for exercising his clock continues to run to regulate his cycles even though he lives in continuous darkness or continuous light practically every kind of living organism seems to have some sort of built-in time sense scientists all over the world are trying to find out how internal clocks work when they do find out it may mean that the cycles of plants and animals can be controlled directing their energies into producing more food more clothing more shelter that's quite incredible but one thing puzzles me if man has a built-in clock like those plants and animals why did he need other clocks he found that his internal time sense was not adequate for his needs which are far more complicated than those of plants and animals man had to find other means of measuring intervals of time so he invented a clock a type of clock yes actually he stuck a stick in the ground and told time by the moving shadow this became the basis of the sundial [Music] egyptians developed a clock that measured time with dripping water and there were other clocks that measured time with flowing sand none of these early time keepers could measure small intervals of time with any accuracy in 1583 galileo made a discovery which proved to be the first big advance and accurate time keeping as he watched a swinging lamp suspended by a long chain in the cathedral of pisa he noticed by counting his pulse beats that each swing took the same time so galileo proposed using a pendulum as the basis for a clock to keep the pendulum swinging steadily the dutch scientist christian higgins devised a mechanism inside a clock that gave the pendulum a little push at the end of each swing this same mechanism also turned the hands on the clock face counting the number of swings it was the world's first pendulum clock the grandfather of all grandfather clocks and the grandfather of all our best timing methods for in order to measure time you need something that will give you a constantly repeating movement a rhythm then count the movements the more precisely these movements repeat themselves the more accurate your measurement of time i don't care about bean plants cockle burs and pendulums where do we set the clock the man in the observatory says we i'll find out for myself what he says the great galileo was only 19 when he first observed the regularity of a swinging pendulum but many years were to pass before he wrote down the idea of using a pendulum to regulate a clock and it was only after his death that the dutch astronomer hoykins actually built a clock based on galileo's youthful reasoning nearly 75 years had passed between theory and result in these critical days we can't afford to wait so long to put ideas to work here at bell telephone laboratories for instance many scientists are engaged in pure or basic research starting with the unknown and ending with knowledge but one of the bell systems goals is to put this knowledge to use as soon as possible the important transistor grew from research by bell scientists looking into the nature of semiconductor materials soon transistors were used in such things as pocket radios the bell systems amazingly accurate guidance systems for space vehicles an experimental helmet radio developed by the army and an electronic switching equipment for better telephone service other bell system scientists working with silicon made a discovery leading to the solar battery thousands of which will be used in satellites to convert the sun's energy to electricity this will enable telephone calls data and television programs to be relayed across oceans via satellites again little time was lost in putting a startling discovery to work the scientific curiosity of bell system people who are always aware that time is important has resulted in a speedy and vital harvest for communications industry and defense and it is this kind of work that provides continual improvement in your telephone service unequaled anywhere else in the world [Music] uh quite a piece of machinery isn't it yes it is what is it a hair spring and balanced wheel of a watch in slow motion oh a sort of portable pendulum real pendulums work only when they hang straight down so they're no good for watches or portable clocks but this mechanism gives a constant rhythm in any position at each turn of the balance wheel the escapement mechanism releases the locking of an escapement lever ticking off the constant rhythm you need to measure time the first watches were pretty but not very accurate then as the old world began to expand across the seas accurate time keeping became really important you see without accurate time pieces navigation was a problem i just checked the sun's position and found out that it's 12 o'clock here by this watch i've carried ever since we left england a month ago it's nine o'clock in greenwich so our position is three hours or 45 degrees east of greenwich where does that put us uh in baghdad sir baghdad watches just weren't accurate enough to keep exact grenades time on a long voyage in 1761 after years of experimenting an english clockmaker john harrison developed the first really accurate portable time keeper it was off less than two minutes after a five months voyage the accuracy of the ship's clock or chronometers it's now called enabled man to navigate any waters and encourage sailors to explore the seas all over the earth although now ships can get granite's time by radio all navigation today still depends on knowing what time it is well now that's the same problem we're having knowing what time it is i don't suppose you'd care to explain how they set their clocks on earth i'd be delighted oh good all clocks are set by radio signals in the western hemisphere these come from the united states naval observatory where signals are broadcast accurate within one thousandth of a second [Music] from such radio signals broadcast from various observatories where do the radio signals get their time from from the official timekeepers special clocks regulated by quartz crystals quartz crystals what's wrong with pendulums and those other things balance wheels they aren't accurate enough their rates affected by wear movement air currents and temperature quartz crystals are less subject to these influences but they give us repetitive movement just like the pendulum and the rotating balance wheel to the eye quartz crystals seem inert but actually under the influence of an electric current they vibrate measuring off tiny and precise slices of time these vibrations are added up by electronic circuits into seconds minutes and hours some quartz crystal clocks have a maximum error of 1 100 000 of a second per day well that's certainly accurate but if clocks are set by radio signals and radio signals are set by quartz crystal clocks how do they set the quartz crystal clocks by the master clock which is the turning earth itself every night when the sky is clear united states naval observatory astronomers photograph stars through a fixed vertical telescope from this they determine the precise instant when the observatory passes directly under a particular star the next night they note again what time they pass under that particular [Music] star positions of the multiple exposures on the star plate are then carefully and accurately measured the information is turned over to the electronic calculator and the result is the true determination of time based on these readings you're able to find the precise time that it takes the earth to make one rotation the official clocks are compared to this and their rates are calibrated come in me sir i was just wondering ah you're just in time i have come to a decision we'll set our clock by the earth the perfect time keeper well not perfect what do you mean by that the earth is gradually running down running down i refuse to accept that but it's true friction is the main force that's slowing down the earth where does the earth get its friction from tops these towers in the bay bundy are good examples friction from tide in the shallower seas is gradually slowing down the earth slowing down if we can't trust the earth what can we trust well the scientists themselves are not how they're working on an atomic a clock based on the cesium atom has been developed at the national bureau of standards in boulder colorado this clock keeps time by counting motions inside the atom as the nucleus spins its axis swings back and forth and the swings are detected electrically and counted the motions of atoms are more regular than those of pendulums balance wheels the earth and even of quartz crystals and it's likely their regularity will continue as long as matter exists this clock is believed to have a maximum error of one second in three thousand years well that's accuracy sir it occurs to me yeah well i don't think it would make much difference to anybody if they did lose a second or two now and then well everyone depends on accurate timing they're aware of it or not for example with quartz crystals it's the precisely controlled number of vibrations per second that determines the kilocycle and megacycle channels used in broadcasting television in multiplex where many messages travel a single cable or travel a radio relay beam accurate timing of electrical impulses is the heart of all communication systems and even greater accuracy and timing is needed by scientists who are constantly trying to get a more complete and accurate understanding of the physical universe and today the quantity that can be measured more accurately than anything else is time well i suppose such accuracy is important and engineers but still one little second doesn't seem so important really oh second is important take a look 9 and 3 10 seconds what kind of a clock was that a stop watch it measures intervals of time down to a tenth of a second of course it's not very practical when you're trying to measure a millionth of a second but who'd want to measure a millionth of a second scientists engineers technicians anyone who deals with things moving at high speed what kind of a clock would they use for that usually a cathode ray oscilloscope never heard of it basically it's much like a tv picture tube but it's used differently the beam of electrons sweeps across the screen over and over again in the same track now if we connect say a microphone sound will jog the beam and make a jog in the trace like this the ticks of a watch put time markers on the sweep five to the second when we speed up the sweep the time between ticks is stretched out to full screen speeding up the sweep still more and using an electronic timer we can put on markers of a hundredth of a second or less and measure the speed of a bullet as it cuts two wires only a foot apart let's take another look and stop there the interval between the two vertical lines we've drawn here represents the time it took for the bullet to break the two wires how long was that a thousandth of a second that's really quite a long time a radar scope with even faster sweeps tells how long it takes for a radar signal to strike an object and bounce back that tells you your distance from the object or you can time signals from three lorenz stations operated by the united states coast guard by comparing them adjusting the traces so they will coincide know your exact position by putting markers on a very fast sweep scientists find it easy to measure intervals of a billionth of a second well that's not too bad is it do you have any idea how short a time that is do you frankly i don't well a billionth of a second has the same relationship to one second as one second has the 35 years one second to 35 years yes now i see how small that figure is and even a billionth of a second is long compared to the much shorter times that scientists have to deal with although the atomic world that makes up this drop of water is still hidden from the eyes of man we know a good deal about how these bits of matter behave how they move and in how short a time in this drop of water there's a vast number of atoms in constant motion and just one of these atoms will have 10 000 collisions in a billionth of a second and in the time between each of these collisions the outside electrons of the atoms would go around 100 times and in the time it takes an outside electron to go around just once the inside electrons would go around 100 times and in the time it takes the inside electron to go around just once the particles in the nucleus of the atom would vibrate 100 000 times these are the thaitis must try to measure [Music] all right where am i hey um thank you samani thank you william for the coffee that is much appreciated we run on coffee here at av geeks and you can donate at ko dash fi.com geeks or buy me a coffee dot com slash av keys i'd like speaking of advertisements i like the fact that there was a a t advertisement snuck into that film um i think about time came out later in later iterations the first one of the bell science series was um our mr sun and then there was other ones after that and this feels like this is a little bit later but it has richard deacon in it richard deacon man it's my favorite character actor um on the dick van dyke show and uh also on leave it to beaver uh and he shows up on the twilight zone he shows up lots of places he's really a phenomenal character actor um but anyways so i have to rewind this film so um yeah so i'm gonna rewind this and in the meantime i'm gonna show you something that um you know that we just haven't seen in a while so just because i haven't found anything that's appropriate i'll just watch this as i rewind alright enjoy um what may i ask is a dear little cupcake like you doing with nasty old school books my dear child we haven't had school or books and ages no school really why don't you get rid of that schoolbook you can drop them in here it'll get all burned up in there well of course it will dear child and so it should books tamper with man's basic natural ignorance now what could be worse than that but i can't burn this book at school property nonsense apple sugar you just need to get into the [Music] i know you'd rather play so why don't you throw all your books away [Music] burning the fire is already yearning [Music] is [Music] books will not make you why and reading's bad for your eyes i am sure you agree so why don't you give all your books to me [Music] can only confuse [Music] teaching you things you can't you you should listen to me burning your books will set your mind free [Music] [Applause] [Music] oh [Music] [Music] [Applause] no stop still rewinding all right so when i used to do uh before the pandemic i would do like a monthly live streaming show like on a sunday and so i would show everything from film and i would basically be talking while the film was rewinding which some people were annoyed by that so that's why i kind of bounce back and forth between showing something i've already digitized and showing another film so here's about time reel 2. um here's some things this is called film leader this is at the beginning of a film so you have room to thread and also this is a great place uh if you messed up in your threading and you're shredding film it's better to shred leader than it is actual film this is yellow and you can tell it's got a little warp to it so it's beginning to go a little shrinky here's a sticker which you can't see because it's all blown out [Music] electronically inspected [Music] all right we're threading up going through the sound head which on this telecity is actually before the visual gate which is um most projectors have it after because the audio is like 26 frames behind the visual frame let's see what else i need some tension here this machine uses tension to move the film through instead of using a little claw uh projectors usually have a little claw that reaches goes in finds sprocket hole pulls it down rather than pulls it down this doesn't use that but it does use a little wheel with uh sprockets on it to determine where the frame is so if it's torn sprockets or if it's splicy or if it's shrunken it'll roll and that's why you see that all right so here we are back uh it's about time reel 2. enjoy [Music] [Music] it's all been very interesting and now if you just tell us wait a minute i have a question you have been splitting time smaller and smaller now is there any limit to how small time can be split if there is such a limit it would be shorter than the time it takes light which is the fastest thing we know to go across the smallest piece of matter which is an atomic particle this would be approximately one millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second well they wouldn't want to split anything smaller than that certainly they would they could wouldn't they yes if they could you see if there is a limit to how small time can be split it would mean that time is not a continuous flow but is made up of little pieces little pieces of time it's unbelievable that's because our feeling of time is limited we can grasp only those intervals we're familiar with seconds at one end of the scale hours days months and at the other end the number of years in a lifetime this is a very small range in the middle of the vast scale of time the decimal fractions of seconds at one end and the billions of years at the other we say that the age of the earth is four and one billion years but how long is that let's consider the life of the earth in terms of what went on what happened what changed since it's difficult to relate our feeling of time to large numbers let's squeeze the age of the earth into one 24-hour day we begin at midnight four and one-half billion years ago it's a long time say two o'clock in the afternoon before any life at all appears on the earth at 7 00 pm life begins leaving remains in the form of fossils dinosaurs develop at 11 pm only one hour left to go in our earth day and now at just two seconds before midnight the human species first appears on earth in the last tenth of a second the entire six thousand years of civilization since the early mesopotamians and ancient egyptians takes place and in the last 1 000th of a second before midnight there are the two world wars but there's one thing that bothers me if people weren't even around most of that time how do they know what went on and when perhaps the geologist should tell you about it this is dr gerald j wasserberg the events in our natural history and the times at which they occurred can all be told from rocks by examining the fossils the minerals the makeup of the rocks we can tell weapon and the sequence in which these events happen by using radioactive elements as our clocks we can answer the question when did certain events happen we know for example that in four and one half billion years one half of the uranium in iraq turns into lead by measuring the proportions of uranium and lead in a given rock we can figure how long it took for that amount of lead to form this gives us the date at which the rock solidified in this way we have been gathering information on the age of the earth its eras and its epochs they see all that in rocks yes rocks hold the secret of our past and the only history of the earth it's all there in the rocks waiting for man to discover some places nature has given man an opportunity to see the changes that have taken place over vast periods of time by exposing a sequence of layers preserving for us a long record of earth history records that show there were once deep waterways where mountains now step large land masses that have been lost to the seas and the earth is still changing the same forces that have changed the face of the earth in the past are still at work [Music] wind [Music] rain glaciers earthquakes and volcanoes how will the earth look in the eons to come if the earth has a past to four and one half billion years what is its future we can only guess that the vast time of the past is small compared to the far greater expanse of time that is the future we've gone from a million of a billionth of a billionth of a second to billions of years well that certainly covers time do you know what i like about time it has order it has mathematical precision one can almost see time evenly flowing throughout the universe very interesting that you should describe time that way that idea of time was accepted as scientific truth on earth very good thinking sir accepted that is until the beginning of the 20th century just what do you mean by that time is no longer considered absolute it is not the same everywhere you mean at the same time here is not the same time there and at the same time is not flowing everywhere no i'm afraid it isn't how does that look to you they're moving too fast how does it look now [Music] too slow you mean that one group's moving slower and the other's moving faster than we are well yes normally but they're not but if you were with those people moving at their rate of speed either fast or slow it would seem normal to you and i couldn't tell not if everything conformed to that rape speed in object falls water pours speed you talk and think look at those people moving at different time rates they look peculiar to us they look peculiar to each other and to them people moving in our time rate would look peculiar well that was an interesting demonstration but i i still can't believe that in real life time could flow at different rates scientists have found that time rates are actually different under certain circumstances under what circumstances well for one the faster anything moves the slower the time rate for everything connected with it you'd better tell me that again all right just imagine people traveling in a spaceship at almost the speed of light they'd be living in a much slower time rate than we are they weren't how did they figure that out it all began with a famous experiment made back in 1887 by two american physicists a a michelson and e.w morley they wanted to measure how fast the earth is moving through space so they set up an experiment based on a simple principle we all know well from everyday experience we do well let me show you now suppose we're in a moving car the train going in the same direction passes this much more slowly than it does when we're going in opposite directions in fact the actual passing speed is simply the addition or subtraction of our speeds it was this principle that michelson and morley tried to use in their experiment only instead of sitting in a moving car they sat in their laboratory on the moving earth and instead of a train they used light by comparing the speed of the light in various directions they hoped to measure the speed of the earth well what happened there was no effect the light seemed to travel in the same speed no matter which direction it was going in other words it looked as if the earth is standing still that's impossible isn't it i thought it goes around the sun yes they've known that for 400 years so scientists went right on making more experiments to detect the motion of the earth through space without any effect how did they explain their way out of that one among those who proposed explanations was a young clerk in the swiss patent office named albert einstein he said of course the earth is moving but the laws of nature must be so constituted that there's no way to detect it or to prove you're moving without comparing or relating to something outside that isn't moving along with you this is the principle of relativity einstein's theory of relativity the first part of his theory it's really not so hard to believe for example in a plane flying at a uniform speed without any bumps or turns you can't tell you're moving without looking out the window so in order for michaelson and morley not to be able to tell the earth was moving the light had to travel the same speed in either direction and that was the second part of einstein's theory he said that light would always be observed to travel at the same speed no matter how fast or in what direction you were going you mean if i were in a very fast spaceship a beam of light would seem to pass me just as fast as it would you on the ground that's right sounds impossible doesn't it but einstein explained it by pointing out that the only possible way the two people traveling at different speeds can both measure the speed of light the same is that their measuring devices have become different because of the difference in their speeds and so they have different senses of time and space for example if you were in a spaceship to me on the ground your clock would seem to be running slower than mine let's try it all right with some simple animation let's see why the clock in a spaceship traveling near the speed of light and the clock on the earth measure time differently now here's a simple clock a hollow transparent rod a mirror on each end and a beam of light bouncing from one end to the other the beeps tick off regular intervals same as any clock now we have two of them one is put in the spaceship and one kept on the ground to the man on earth his clock continues to run at the same rate when he looks at the spaceship going by the action of the light in that clock looks like this i think i see what's happening perhaps it'll be even clearer in slow motion because the spaceship is moving past the earth man the light appears to him to travel diagonally to get from one end of the clock to the other because the light has to go further it takes longer between ticks and from the earth man's point of view the space band's clock is running slower [Music] the man in the spaceship must think his clock is crazy i would certainly think so well let's see inside the speeding spaceship the spaceman looks at his clock it seems perfectly normal to him just like it did on earth his sense of time is different everything is changed proportionately so that no change is apparent well then if he's also taken along a wristwatch or an atom clock they would have had to slow down too yes all sorts of strange things would have had to happen weights would increase lengths would change all in perfect proportion so that he wouldn't notice any change and so that everything would seem perfectly normal but to everything seem normal remember the first part of einstein's guess the principle of relativity the laws of nature are so constituted that you can't tell you're moving without relating to something that isn't moving along with you then everything in the spaceship must seem perfectly normal or else the space man could tell he was moving with our light clock it's easy to see how this effect increases as your speed approaches the speed of light it's the same with everything in motion but in our normal lives we never get anywhere near speeds great enough to show this effect with our talk about that spaceship is it possible that people may someday travel near the speed of light at the moment it's pretty remote but based on einstein's theory it's fun to conjecture what would happen here's a story of identical twins living in the einsteinian future our twins peter and paul they're having an argument over who's to have the honor of being the first earth man to travel to the distant star arcturus and back i want you to have the honor no you you deserve it [Music] see you in 60 years [Music] although peter was 83 he didn't want to miss his brother's moment of glory [Music] yes compared to his brother paul was still a young man he doesn't look 83 he isn't traveling near the speed of light he aged less oh yes time slowed down that's right the closer he came to the speed of light the more paul's heart beats with their periodic motion measuring time would slow down along with his rate of breathing other body processes paul would notice though because his watch would slow down to the same degree [Music] how do you know that einstein guessed right and his theory is really true well let's ask a physicist dr richard feynman of the california institute of technology in the laboratory we can get atomic particles to go nearly at the speed of light and so far all the effects predicted by einstein show up for example particles which are unstable and disintegrate do last longer when they're moving than when they're standing still einstein's theory of relativity has radically transformed man's picture of the universe it is upset our traditional ideas about time and space and someday we may upset them once again because we're still learning what determines the direction of time what distinguishes past from future and what exactly is the present is now the same for everyone ask me for anything you like said napoleon accept time today in our fast moving world your telephone gives you this priceless commodity which with napoleons to give the telephone is the speediest of all messengers giving time by saving it for instance it's easy and convenient to shop by phone when time or duties keep you at home at your instant beckoned call department stores the plumber the druggist a friend across town or far away and in business as well the telephone is a speedy messenger making miles meaningless shortening days to minutes getting things done more easily getting things made fast and efficiently doing business buying and selling supplying and distributing to all parts of the country over its teletypewriter networks the bell system has long been a speedy courier of written words as well as spoken words national and international news stories are flashed over teletypewriter lines to newspapers and to radio and television stations across the land and the remarkable new bell system data phone service provides even faster and more flexible business communications computer or business machine language is set over long distance circuits at high speed to other business machines by bell system data phone in all these ways the telephone serves as speediest of messengers for business and for the home giving time by saving time ask me for anything your telephone might say including time uh doctor is now the same for everyone no i was afraid of that well thanks for the use of the planet oh wait please you're not going to leave me now are you i mean we've gone all the way from a shadow on the ground to sundials and pendulums and from atomic clocks to suns moons stars from time that was fixed to time that is relative we've come a long way yes but now i have more questions than ever good the more we learn the more questions we have in the beginning you had only one question what time is it that's right well where do i set the hands of the clock oh that you can set them any place you want you mean because i'm the king no wherever you decide to set a clock in the beginning is more or less arbitrary however once you've said it that becomes your time and all your clocks must be synchronized well thank you now we can set our clock sir [Music] so [Music] well for our purpose that sort of winds up the story of planet q but the story of time is just beginning stretching before us or who knows what complexities perplexities mysteries how did time start we don't know [Music] did the universe begin with a big bang 10 billion years ago some physicists and astronomers think so [Music] but others asked the question did the universe even have a beginning or has it been going on forever will it ever end [Music] some 20 billion years from now when our sun burns itself out and explodes into oblivion [Music] will time stop [Music] or will we just sit cooler and cooler longer and longer without light without warmth in the fathomless depths of space these are questions which baffle astrophysicists cosmologists many men of science men whose minds and imaginations are even now uncovering clues to the mystery of time which is perplexed mankind for centuries what time is it the answer may be phrased in terms of molecular action the laws of nature but more directly what time is it is a question of our everyday lives contraction of our lungs the beating of our hearts the measure i can check that gear in a minute so don't touch anything okay [Music] hey get down from there now [Music] what if it bumped that control by accident you'd be mincemeat by now what have i told you you don't work on equipment when the engine's running well i told them not to touch anything all right i guess i wasn't thinking you weren't thinking you mean you'll work on engines and machinery and not thinking your own personal safety here shake hands with danger shake hands with danger [Music] i was young and feisty never did things by the book just let me get my tool box and i'll take myself a look i climbed up on a dozier with my mechanics pride said you can keep it running friend while i poke around inside shake hands with danger meet a guy you want to know i used to laugh at safety now they call me three finger joe although i learned a lesson i forgot it soon enough the knicks and burns and scratches showed the young ones i was tough till another morning i was grinding on some steel my other hand got careless and fed my skin into the wheel shake hands with danger step right up and say hello [Music] i've seen mechanics earn it and i've seen them take a fall just to save themselves a minute i've seen them lose it all i've watched them caught in trouble seen them take a chance and lose they get careless for a moment and spend a lifetime with the blues [Music] [Applause] you [Music] overwhelming [Music] [Music] walk around inside [Music] oh around inside [Music] shake hands with danger and some friends i used to know compared to them i'm lucky to be just three finger joes [Laughter] um so i don't know if betty white has passed or not she's great she rocks um she died she died a great amazing person she didn't die then shame on whoever perpetuated that misinformation uh but what i do know uh is that we watched 1222 films uh this year and uh we will be back next monday this monday coming up and we'll watch even more and maybe we'll try to figure out a way to squeeze in i don't know even more films next year um and i hope that you will be there to join us it means a lot that you guys have tuned in all this time to see your friendly names and your comments uh it you know i did this i started doing this like last year because i was frustrated with not being able to show my films live and it turns out that this is really important to me i hope that you enjoy it and i hope that you find value in it and if you know and also we watch some pretty goofy stuff so you know there's some stuff that's not valuable and some stuff that is horrible um but i appreciate your help your support your eyeballs and we will see you again next year everybody take care of yourselves please rewind love each other love yourself and uh goofy stuff like that take care bye six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three eight seven six five four three