A/V Geeks 16mm Lunch 10-13-2025

Hello everybody. This is Skip Alzheimer. Welcome to the AV Geeks lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16 millimeter films. And uh I'm sick. I feel uh maybe I got I think I got a bug like just before I went to Bastards in South Carolina. But um it is playing out right now uh just with a head cold and I'm hoping it won't become a chest cold because then I'll be coughing all the time. But uh anyways uh got some films set up for you nonetheless. Uh some of these are repeats uh that we've shown over the last 5 years, but they're still we did some new scans and they look really pretty. The first one is Encyclopedia Bratannica's film uh mental health keeping mentally fit which is a really phenomenal beautiful color. Uh the next film is let's see uh pretty good class for Monday which is a government film. Well, it's distributed by the government, but was actually made, I believe, by uh the folks at USC, University of Southern California. Uh, and it's edited by Penelopey Spirus, who did A Decline of the Western Civilization. She did The Beverly Hillbillies. Uh, she also did um Suburbia, which is a really great punk rock film. And of course, she did Wayne's World. So, that's pretty cool. This is a lot of uh film people cut their teeth at a University of Southern California's film program. So, it's great to see that name. Uh and then finally we're going to end with another beautiful color film by US Steel which is called The Shape of Things to Come which I think is about bridges I believe. Yeah, beautiful bridges. Uh, I think so. I my grandparents uh grew up near or lived near uh Pittsburgh and so we would go through Pittsburgh to go visit them and I would see all the bridges and I would see ones that were in the uh some sort of state of disrepair that were slowly being torn down. But I would have these dreams that I we were driving on those bridges. And so I developed this weird phobia of bridges that didn't really it kind of was in my subconscious and popped back out when I visited Pittsburgh as an adult and then started the hairs on the back of my neck stood up and I was like, "Oh my gosh, I'm scared of bridges in Pittsburgh." Anyhow, um hopefully I'll join you live tomorrow. uh if my cold meds participate in this process. But otherwise, thanks for watching and uh we'll be back again tomorrow, either live or recorded. Um but thanks for watching. Bye. [Applause] In spite of what the graduation speakers say every spring, our town's pretty average. That goes for our senior class, too. Out of this class of 40, just because it is average, two of these boys and girls will spend some part of their lives in a mental institution. My job is to try to keep the people around here healthy, and most of them are. Of course, nobody's healthy is ever perfect. Jim Anderson has a bad ear, but that doesn't keep him from playing on the football team. County champions last year, too. Frank White is nearsighted, but his glasses take care of that. Dorothy Westerly has a tooth that needs fixing, but she's in good health. I'd say mighty good health. They've all learned habits of good living that have helped them stay physically healthy. Habits of cleanliness, good diet, exercise, and rest. But there's another side to good health, and that's good mental health. Comes naturally to most people. Parents who are mentally healthy bring up the children to be mentally healthy, too. Take Tommy Clark there. He learned the first rule for good mental health a long time ago about not bottling up his emotions. Now, when he works up ahead of steam, he puts it to work in a useful way instead of holding it inside. When you try to do that, it's bound to come out in some unpleasant way. Tommy learned that some years back just after his younger brother was born. >> Come on, Jimmy. Have some. Come on, >> Tommy. Eat your meat. You haven't eaten a bite all day. I declare I don't know what's got into you. >> You heard your mother, Thomas. Now, do as she says. >> Finally, his folks sent him to see me. There wasn't anything physically wrong with him that I could find. So, I began to talk with him. If you've got something on your mind, Tommy, why don't you talk about it? Well, well, I [Music] >> We all have our problems, Tommy. >> But I can talk about it. >> Of course you can. And you know something? The more you talk about your problems, the easier they are to solve. It's bottling things up inside this bad. When you feel something, if you're mad or afraid or worried, you've got to let it out or it'll come out some other way, like you losing weight, not sleeping. Now, what is it, son? >> Gosh, Dr. Martinson, this may sound kind of funny to you. >> No, no, it won't. >> I don't think my folks want me anymore. They're planning to get rid of me. >> What makes you think that, sir? >> I heard them say so one night. They thought I was asleep. Ever since Jimmy was born, they >> Well, it wasn't easy to prove to Tommy that he was wrong, as in so many cases like this, his parents were partly to blame. The new baby was taking more of their attention than they realized. I got a chance to talk to Tommy's mother about it, and it turned out that they'd been talking about sending Tommy to camp for the summer, and he misunderstood them. Well, we finally got it straightened out. But it taught Tommy a lesson that many people don't learn so quickly about not bottling up his emotion. He learned that it could be easy to talk to his folks and that he didn't have to hide his love for them. >> Good night, Mom. Good night, Tommy. >> Well, that is quite a few years ago. Tom's graduating today. That number one rule for good mental health, don't bottle up your emotions, has helped him through many a tough spot. Of course, we're talking about some of the simple rules for staying in good mental health. And that brings us to the second rule, which is respecting yourself. Sounds easy, doesn't it? But look what happened to Bruce Matthews. He went out for the tennis team a couple of years ago and while he had a lot to learn, he had the makings of a fine player, but he wasn't satisfied with slow, steady improvement. Oh, he expected himself to be perfect right from the start. Missing a point would make him boil over at himself. Well, the coach finally caught on to what Bruce was doing to himself with his demand for perfection. >> Sure, I think it's fine to keep wanting to improve. I understand that, but I think you're going at it the wrong way. >> How do you mean? >> Well, did you ever stop to think how good your game really is? >> Yeah, after missing that last point. >> That's just what I'm getting at. You're worrying too much about the game, and you don't enjoy it. >> But gee, coach, I know I can do better. >> Sure you can. But the point is, you shouldn't let yourself get mad every time you miss a point. Even the world's champion can't make every point. You can't be perfect. You've got to learn to get more pleasure out of this game. So take yourself as you are and instead of expecting yourself to be perfect. >> It took a while for Bruce to get what the coach was driving at. But little by little, without letting up one bit on trying to improve his game, he learned to enjoy his skill rather than fret over his occasional misses. Yes, he's learning that second important habit for keeping in good health. Good mental health. I mean the habit of feeling right about himself. Along with that goes a third important habit. Feeling right about other people too. That means getting along with others, having fun with them, being part of the group. There's no room for bashfulness in good mental health. To look at Otto Markle there, you'd never guess what he was like a year ago. For some reason or other, he was convinced that people just didn't like him much. He never tried to make friends or to be one of the bunch. It was Miss Reiner who came to Otto's rescue. >> I think you'd enjoy getting into one of the school clubs. >> I don't know. I really don't have any time. >> I hear they're planning to organize a camera club. You could help with that. >> I'm not very good with my camera. I don't think they'd want me in the club. Of course they would. The more the better when you're organizing a club. >> Gosh, Miss Reiner. >> You're certainly doing well in chemistry, and that's important in photography. >> I don't know. Chemistry is different from photography. >> I think you'll find they'd welcome a good chemist like you in the camera club. But you'll have to do one thing. >> What's that? >> Offer to help. Do all you can to help get the club organized. Get some other students to join. Oh, I couldn't do that. >> Of course you can. And you'll find that they are like you as much as you like them. >> I knew about Otto's problem because his parents had come to see me about the same thing. Of course, they had to share the responsibility for Otto's bashfulness. >> What do you mean, George? I don't quite get what you're driving. >> No. Well, I'll tell you, Art. I've been watching you with that kid a long time. You're demanding too much from him. Nobody can be perfect, so don't ride him so hard. When he does something you don't like, remember he's a person in his own right. His way may be just as good as your way. >> I do think you've been hard on him at times, Arthur. >> Oh, but he doesn't tow the line the way he should. He has advantages I never had when I was a boy. He has an opportunity to amount to something. >> But let him do it his own way. You've got him feeling now he isn't as good as the next fell. That's why he hesitates to make friends. In Alo's case, as in many others I've known, talking with the parents was important in helping to get things straightened out. He's learning the third basic rule for good mental health, feeling right about other people. That means that in any normal group of people, there is a feeling of give and take. There's an interest in the group as a whole. There's no distrust or dislike of others just because they happen to be different. Well, there's one more rule for good mental health, and I see that NY's finally learned it well enough to get a diploma. That's the habit of doing something about a problem as soon as it comes up. >> Class. [Music] Gosh, what? I don't know about the Civil War period. I haven't cracked a page in two weeks. I'm going to have to dig into this one, too. Come on over to my house tonight. Let's study it together. Oh, I just dread getting into it. Let's put it off till tomorrow. Well, all right. >> Tomorrow never came for Nancy. That quiz day found her completely unprepared. But Barbara had faced up to that quiz the day it was announced. >> Oh, Jay, I've been so worried about this exam. I I just can't sleep. Oh, I hope I passed. There's no point in worrying about it now. >> Nancy not only had double trouble with that quiz, she had triple trouble before, during, and after. If she'd got busy just as soon as it was announced instead of just worrying about it, it would have been a lot easier for her. Yes, the people around here are learning some of the basic rules for staying in good mental health. First rule is don't bottle up your emotions like love, fear, anger. Express them naturally. Of course, emotions like anger have to be expressed with consideration for others. Above all, don't carry a grudge. Get it off your chest. The second rule is to respect your own abilities. Always try to improve, but remember that you're human. The third rule is to respect others. Treat them as friends. And finally, when a problem shows up, face it at once, calmly, reasonably, and honestly. And remember that one of the best rules for good mental health is talking out your troubles and problems with someone whose opinion you respect. Your parents, your family doctor, your school teacher or advisor, your clergyman may be the right person to talk to on many things. Whoever it may be, talking is one of the best tonics there is for good mental health. Another good tonic is an interesting hobby. Gives you a way to relax, a chance to accomplish something you can be proud of. Well, those are some of the rules for staying in good mental health. Of course, they're just the ABCs of a subject big enough to fill whole libraries. But as more and more folks get to know these ABCs and follow them, they're going to be able to look at a group like this someday and feel that they have a greater chance than ever for the kind of happy, useful life which will make our world a better place to live in. dry. Yes. No. Today I want to cover a lot of things, people. And if you'll try to hang in and listen, we have a lot to make up. Heather, put that away, dear. Please. It'll be easier for you and for me if you take out some paper and follow along in some notes because I have a fairly clear-cut idea of what I want to start with at least. Now, first of all, I want you to define democracy. Give me a definition. When you start to think about it, you realize the almost the complete impossibility of trying to come in contact and keep the attention of 35 different people who have had, you know, different experiences and coming into your room who will, you know, be thinking about what they had for breakfast, what they didn't have for lunch, why their boyfriend didn't write them a letter, whatever else it may be. >> Can I pick on somebody or can we get a volunteer? No volunteers. All right, Doug. What do you think is the generally accepted definition of democracy that this country usually agrees with? >> What do you think it means at all? >> I don't know. >> Do you think the one of the answers before that were given was it or >> Well, let me try it out. Uh, well, >> I don't know. I I can't answer. [Music] >> The last couple years, everything's been motorcycles in my life. You know, every weekend I go to the races and I like working on motorcycles and everything's motorcycles. I was going just quit it in first place and the guy wasn't too too wasn't very close behind me either. >> What happened to Ron? I'm laying at the bottom of the gun. >> No, he was he was running fourth and he crashed over here. >> I was in third. Excuse me. >> Doug, I think is an average student. Uh, he's a student who has many interests and I think many of those interests are outside of school. >> Well, where is it? >> You just made it up. >> Oh, right here. See? See that line right there? That's connecting. He's going to be a homosexual. >> He's going to be or he already is. >> I'm sure he's all crossed up right there. >> Mean long life or something. >> Yeah. All the way down, man. >> Pretty long life. Which one's that? >> And if you And if you have a mole, if you have a mole on your finger, that means you get >> No, you're dishonest. >> Holding frogs. >> What's it mean if you have >> what it means? If you have callusmism and you work hard, >> you ride bikes. >> In class, he how to he just doesn't uh have a great deal of interest in what's going on. His outside life really has so much more glamour to it. You >> like winning? >> Yeah, I like winning. Like getting trophies and winning money and stuff. >> Really? Look at us, man. >> Excuse me. >> Look at us. What do you mean look at us? >> Well, these these 19-year-old guys on 100s are only 16 on these 250s. And Tracy Tracy just turned 16. He's got a 500. >> He's not fast. >> I like the colors. They're very sharp. Very sharp. Everybody wears different things, you know. >> That's nice. That's That's a nice smiley picture of you. [Music] >> Well, I guess I'm stuck here. >> Just fake it. >> Can't fix this. >> Here. Put this up the >> That was quick on the table. >> Hey, Tom. >> Hey, put this in the coffee can. >> Yeah. Put that in the coffee. you. Just take your shocks off. >> I've never had the engine out. I've never had it, you know. I'm just take it all the way down to the frame. Just going to get it sand blasted and paint the frame and make it look all works again. >> Well, he uh doesn't put too much um of his time in his schoolwork. I think if he would, I think he'd do a much better job. And uh I don't force him to do his schoolwork. And perhaps I'm wrong. I don't know. >> You're on camera. I like going to school cuz I like, you know, seeing everybody and things like that. And I like working and things like that in school too if it, you know, if it's interesting, things like that. Like if the teachers don't make it interesting, usually I won't, you know, catch on to, you know, do good. >> He passes. That's all he wants to do. He doesn't push himself to any level of anything beyond that. [Music] Yeah. Well, this is um it's a combination of a milk plant. We process milk in our plant and we sell it out in the front. >> How are you today? >> Fine. >> All the children can be involved in it. It gives them something to focus on. It gives them some opportunity. It puts some money in their pocket. And we we think of it as a family business. And we try to share the responsibilities and the rewards. Next. >> Next. >> Yeah. >> This what mom was telling me about. You're going up north. >> Yeah. We'll leave Thursday. We'll sleep at Tom's sister's house. Goof around on Saturday and the race is Sunday and we'll come back Sunday night. Get home like that. >> You going to race or just watch? >> Just watch. Oh, >> I have to fill you in on Saturday morning. >> Get rid of us. Where you going? >> Livermore. >> Livermore? >> Yeah. >> Watch your race. >> Yeah, big race. >> It's a big ride. [Applause] >> And then just you just keep riding and pretty soon someone will like they they uh spot you like in baseball, you know, and then they'd sponsor you, you know. And usually like if someone sponsors you, you know, that means you're going to be uh around motorcycles for a pretty long time, you know. We get started as soon as we can to the expert 125. The expert 125 is going to be going to be pushing their bikes up to the to the line. [Music] The riders are [Music] [Music] I still think it's a matter of getting the individual to care enough to want to have a good high school academic record. But basically, I just feel that I just want him to do what he wants to do and be happy. Maybe I'm just being too lenient with him. I really don't know. [Music] [Music] thing. I'm not trying to give you a It's not a specific question. Could uh I mean, is it voting? >> Would you use voting the word voting in your definition? If I were to help you write one now, we're going to write one together. You'd use voting. >> Yeah. All you know, they're all created equal and everything like that. >> All people are created equal. Like she said, >> Mr. Fabrican's class is really easy to like though cuz he's he's pretty nice and the way he teaches like he makes it kind of interesting. >> All right. Someday >> people, if you want to talk about the side things, I'll talk about it with you. A question you might well ask and I won't answer it. Why don't we have a straight popular I'll ask it to you. Why don't we have a straight popular election for the presidency? They add up all the votes that we cast in all the states when it say you get it. Why do you think that's not done? Let's hear from somebody I haven't heard from today. >> Okay. uh George Palia uh made uh an analysis which says that if there's a 100% turnout in all of the states, a person can have a majority of electoral votes by taking 19.7% of the popular vote, 50.1%. [Music] I I am academically oriented and when I compare myself to other people that I see, they're more interested in getting out and uh going home and watching television and forgetting about everything else. on four. [Music] >> I didn't recognize >> King. [Music] That's not Yes, it is. Look, it's a straight line straight down like this. Oh, >> I could beat him. Why couldn't you? >> I never got to play him. The third final to the fourth. Four 3 2 1. >> Well, if Ry's not here, I'm going to show you why. >> I'm taking you through the first five chapters of the number three book. >> Yes. What does this say? >> It's congruent, too. >> What about where x equals uh 12? Well, that's mod six. >> They're all the same. >> Mod. >> Oh, mod six. >> I mean, you don't need to teach chaz. >> I mean, I wouldn't claim to be teaching chaz at all. Uh, I don't do that. Uh, you do what you do is try to stay out of his way. >> Less than or equal to >> because more than more additions than >> Wait a minute. Now, what about towel? We're trying to compare to. What you want to do is use the concept you're trying to prove. Say that the upper sum is per >> I like the lunch periods at the math club. I like that very much. But uh I don't know about school. I don't I don't have any feelings. I don't think about it. >> I first became aware of him as being somewhat unique when he answered a question so deviously in a quiz. I asked about the sign of the Declaration of Independence. people who had signed the declaration and I the textbook and I expect every kid in the class to put down John Hancock and he put down buttonwinet of whom I've never heard. >> What is the equation XY equals K? >> Rectangular hyper. What is the Dutch word for farmers? >> Gas. Who is Goldwater's running mate in the 19 >> Miller? Glory is not the right word. Recognition is a better word in that respect. School gives him a lot of recognition. >> Black Sea sinks. >> Sebast. >> I say Sebastian Opal should go into the Black Sea and drown. >> Drowned. >> Oh, the fleet already did sink. So, >> I'm grounded. >> Yeah, I'm tired. >> I'm trying to think whether I want an army or a fleet. >> Support me to Sebast and knock me out again just to make it exciting. >> No. >> I built four. >> Hold it. >> Wait a minute. Then you won. 1 2 3 4 was counting 11 12 >> has 12 units. >> 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 >> Yeah, >> capitalist pig snort. >> Thought he won. Let's play football, Tom. >> Okay. >> I like theoretical math. If math has use, it's no good. What good is math if it's useful? It should be admired. It should not be used. I know a true mathematician. Uh his name is Dr. Shelene and uh he's a real poet at mathematics. >> I'm not an intellectual type. I'm a physical type. Uh so I don't know where where I have had to contribute to his intellectualism. Well, you answer his questions and you take and you take him to uh museums and different places and we've taken him to trips and anytime he's interested in anything, we a library research it and we uh let him go on tours. He had a tour around the United States and anything at all that's within our means that will help in his stimulation. >> He turned out just like a wheel and just as hard too if we roll it right out the back of the dog. oven. You can't read the numbers on the dial. And secondly, even if you could, it's 80° off. >> I very happy about the parents that I chose. Uh they give us a great amount of freedom and uh they set very good examples for us. He walked late and um he never made any effort to talk, but when he did walk, he walked without help and without crawling. And when he did talk, he talked in sentences. So, it was just as if he didn't want to be bothered with anything until it came out. I like when I finished a problem, I've done it or I've won the diplomacy game, which isn't often. Um, or when I in a book when there's something that uh a new insight that I like very much. [Music] I see him as a perpetual student or a researcher in some scientific field. >> He wants to be an atomic physicist. >> I think that would be a great uh place for him to be. I hope sometime he gets married by taking 19.7% of the popular vote, 50.1% in all of the smallest states up to 270 electoral votes. >> Okay. our system could be. I mean, do you understand what he said? >> I can't criticize anybody's answer here because democracy is a word that people use all the time. Everybody's in favor of it and nobody can define it. >> Okay, let's add some other definitions for today. Charles, >> I thought that um that I don't know what it was in, but they said it was for the people, by the people, of the people. And I think that's what it is today. you know, it's um the people are ruling themselves. There's no king. There's no monarch. >> The people had so long been told what to do and they'd never well, their word hadn't been heard. And they just wanted for once to just rule themselves and not have >> Oh, I like history as a subject pretty much. I don't like the teacher. He gives uh assignments that most of them are strictly opinion and uh I don't see how he can really grade it. I don't think there's I'm positive there's not a right answer or wrong answer here. Uh >> I like the facts, you know, just the straight facts that you can give just straight answers to [Applause] >> untrusted business. Sheriff >> Glorious Glover damage discuss the election today. Not really. I didn't have that class today. >> I had uh algebra and biology. [Music] >> Wasn't much interest. >> Not really. [Music] >> Well, I hope to graduate high school at least and then go on to college and I wouldn't mind being a marine biologist or police officer. Was there any current? Gee. Well, if you don't wear a weight belt and you have your wet suit on, then you'll be buoyant. >> Well, then you'll be neutral. Yeah. That means you're not supposed to sink and you're not supposed to float. You got my own? >> No, but I do. >> Well, I think Mike is a >> a very average boy. He's a >> very good boy. >> He's uh has enthusiasm. He has uh um love of country, love of God, and love of family. I just think he's a good boy. coffee. >> Yeah, Tom's buying a coffee. He's got $18 He's got $1,800 saved up for his new car. And uh Tom, what kind of a car are you going to get? >> I think I told you I had his name down wrong in the role book. I had it spelled L A Y M O R. And for weeks, I called him by the wrong name and he never even corrected me. >> Tell me something. When you go out with a girl, do you now? Do you have a budget or you just tell them you're going to take them for a ride when you get the car? >> No, they pay for it. >> Do you use your father's car? >> Yeah. >> See, you have to buy the gas for the car or does he >> Yeah, sometimes he doesn't like me to, but I'll buy it anyway. >> Do you go steady yet with a girl? >> No, I got to wait. >> He's honest. He's unassuming. Uh he he's industrious. He's not overly aggressive, but he's dependable. That should sum it all up. I can do that. >> He never calls attention to himself. Uh either by exceptional work or by not doing his work. He he he just uh is one of the people that's in the class that you can easily ignore. Mike is a fine boy, but uh he's just an average type of athlete. And um as a student, he's probably about the same. And as I mentioned before, he's going to have to work a little harder to make it this year. As we have a uh pretty highowered program here, and uh the competition is a lot tougher than in most schools. So, I'm not sure how his chances are of making it this year. [Music] >> Who's that for? >> Your father. >> What kind of >> What stone's going in there? Sure. Turfly. As I see myself, I'm about average. Uh I'm, you know, I'm for the establishment if you want to call it that. Silent majority 41 or 49 McGovern one. Say the blessing, Mark. >> Yeah. God is good. God is great. Thank for me. >> Mike, you want to pass me that blessing, please? [Music] >> Well, Mike was a uh is a very uh person with lots of leadership and he proved that by being able to make senior patrol leader. He helped other boys in in scouting so that they were able to advance. >> And I've been out for about two or three weeks and just recently got uh interested in law enforcement explore post which is it's really not the same thing. It's completely different. They got the uh padded cell there. They got the soundproof room. And there's these guys sitting in the holding tank kicking out. John [Music] sir there. >> But the guy said it's nothing like scouts. >> It's like crossing guards. >> It's like being a policeman except >> except you're not a policeman. >> Good boy. energetic >> to a degree. >> Just all American boy. >> Should the American people known about that bomb? >> No. >> Why? >> Uh well, they might have rejected the idea of making the bomb. And that's one of our major strengths that keeps our country strong. It keeps us number one. And I think that that uh that's important. >> Hold on. Let me try to get things set up. We have two minutes. [Music] >> The Jefferson assignment. >> There were two alternate assignments that could be given. You had the stuff from the book that you could have done or you could have written an essay. Was in fact Jefferson a revolution and how do they consider it? >> Yeah. And he had the extra thing and uh I haven't don't know if that's passed back or not, but that'll be taken care of. Would you please leave this paper that you did on the front of your desk and I'll collect them later. >> Anybody want? >> I did not. That's your name. antennas. >> Can I trust your vote >> for what? What do you want us to do with these things? >> Staple them together and put your name on it. >> Okay. Thank you. [Music] >> With me. >> Huh? I should have won. I had a chef like that. But I brought this specifically for today. >> Aren't you ready to go? [Applause] >> It was a pretty good class for a Monday, I guess. [Applause] [Music] For 90 years, the Eids Bridge has been carrying rail and highway traffic across the Mississippi River at St. Louis. This bridge is a pioneer. The first important bridge in the world made primarily of steel and the first with cord members made of tubular steel. Captain James Eids was one of the first designers with the vision to recognize the strength of steel and to see the great advantages of using steel in its tubular form. Other designers have been refining the techniques of tubular steel construction since the day the Eids bridge opened in 1874. Today we present just a few examples of what can be done with this modern and efficient structural material. However, tubular steel construction remains largely a dormant art in the United States. Rich in potential but still awaiting a full recognition of its advantages by architects and engineers. We present to you now the facts and some ideas about the structural uses of tubular steel. and will begin at the beginning. If Captain James Eids had wanted a precedent for his use of the tubular shape, he need looked no further than the nearest field of grain. There are thousands of other examples in nature, in the legs of birds and animals, as well as in plants. An impressive example is the large, heavy chrosanthemum supported by its light, delicate tubular stem. During the long process of evolution, nature learned that a hollow stem with its mass distributed evenly away from the center of gravity is very strong. Stated in a more precise way, nature's lesson to us is that columns subjected to compressive loads tend to fail in the direction of the least radius of girration. Therefore, the tubular shape has greater resistance to compressive loads than other shapes of equal weight and equivalent material. Here's an example. Two 15 ft columns supporting concentric loads. The 6x6 in H section on the left weighs 300 lb. It will safely support 61 kips. The tubular shape is roughly of the same dimension and of a comparable grade of steel. It weighs only 209 lb, but it will support 63 kips. As you can see, a 30% saving in weight can be gained by using the tubular shape instead of the most ideal conventional section. Thus, the advantages of the tubular shape can be expressed in the simplest mathematical terms and are known to most engineers. And yet we must look to Europe if we are to find widespread application of these principles. Overseas we find steel tubes in a wide range of structures. This hanger for instance composed of two bays 130 ft wide. The roof trusses made of steel tubes shop welded and galvanized before erection. Also the triangular girdters bracing and other roof framing. Clean, simple welded connections are used throughout. Connections welded in the field were then sandblasted and metallized. Similar construction techniques are used in mill buildings throughout Europe. The roof of this plant is supported by 90 ft clear span tubular trusses. The result is a very high strengthtoe ratio for the frame. Even the overhead crane is made of tubular sections, a combination of square, rectangular, and round tubes that result in reduced dead loads. Most of the members were assembled on jigs in the shop and then connected by welding in the field. At Hler in Great Britain, the British Admiral put up a building to house a large testing tank for the Navy. The entire building that encloses the tank is made of steel tubes. And there's a lot of water in that tank, 12 million gallons of it. The original plans for the roof called for framing with standard rolled sections. However, the designers changed to tubes when they discovered the potential saving in weight. Each of the 218 ft tubular trusses in this roof weighs 23 tons. Similar trusses made of roll shapes would have weighed almost twice as much. Secondary framing and catwalk framing in this building are also of steel tubes, the largest being 16 in in diameter. And this 95- ft rotating arm is a completely shop welded tubular structure. European designers are also using tubular shapes in the construction of towers of all types. This is a typical electric transmission tower. Most of the large sections were pre-fabricated, nested, and shipped to the site. There they were connected with jig welded flanges and field bolts. Erection was easily handled by small crews and light lifting equipment. Often local codes permit a 33% reduction in wind load on towers such as this because the round shape offers less wind resistance. Another application in Europe, this graceful 200 ft conveyor bridge completely fabricated in the field and winched across the river in one piece. The main cords are 14in tubes. In European seap ports, there's a wide variety of tubular applications. Steel tubes combine lightness, strength, and resistance to torsional stress as in the booms of dockside loading cranes. This transit shed built by the London Port Authority for use by the United States lines has a clear span of 200 ft. Again, the designer was able to save considerable weight by using welded bowring trusses of tubular steel. Now, let's return to the United States. We saw tubular steel in a wide variety of structures in Europe. In this country, progress is being made in the use of tubular shapes for conventional buildings. For example, the roof frame of this 5 bay industrial building. The trusses are made of standard steel pipe except for the wide flange top cords needed to resist bending between panel points. A profiling machine was used to prepare the individual members for assembly. The ends of the tubes were flame contoured and beveled to exact shape and angle, a simple process that appreciably reduced fabricating costs. The time required to erect these trusses was far below estimates. The usual stiffening devices used during erection were unnecessary here because of the inherent rigidity of the tubular members. It was easy to attach the trusses to the conventional crane columns with high strength field bolts. This fabricator expects to be using more steel tubes for industrial structures in the future. He's found the combination of tubular trusses and open web joists to be a highly efficient framing system. Thus far, we've discussed only the round tubular shape, but other shapes such as the square will in a given size and material support about the same load. United States Steel recognized this early and introduced a variety of square and rectangular forms in popular steel grades which will satisfy many design problems in the mills of US steel. The smaller shapes are made by a high-speed continuous welding process designed to ensure maximum quality and tolerance control. The larger sizes are made in a seamless mill. The process starts with a piercing of a preheated round. The round is then drawn over a mandrel by rotating rolls. Then the rough and still round section is passed through a series of sizing operations which refine it to exact size and wall thickness. The last of which takes place in this reeler. Now it's ready for forming. The section passes into a mill where five pairs of rolls form it into a square or rectangular shape. The process results in a uniform product practically free of forming stresses. The square shape now moves on cooling tables to a finishing area where the ends are cropped and the product is carefully inspected and marked for shipment to distributor warehouses and steel service centers strategically located throughout the country. In application, US Steel structural tubing combines strength and architectural beauty has witnessed this attractive suburban bank building. The diagonal bracing as well as rectangular columns which also serve as mullions were left exposed inside and out. After erection, only paint was needed to finish the mullions. Notice how nicely heat ducts and other utilities fit against the flatsided structural shapes. The glass walls were easily attached with glazing stops connected directly to the vertical mullions. The mullions also house the downspouts for roof draining. This building in Ohio houses a plant for the manufacturer of excelsier. It was designed to avoid high dust concentrations that might cause an explosion. The designers solved the problem by using square and rectangular shapes for framing. The 75- ft trusses are made entirely from hollow structural tubing. Fabrication time was 25% below estimates, partly because the flatsided members permitted the first truss to serve as the pattern for the other eight. 8x6 in rectangular columns support the roof. Shop welded angles and TE's were used as connectors. Field bolts were used to attach the rectangular plland and bottom cord framing. A similar problem faced the designers of this modern food processing plant and warehouse. Sanitary codes and operating efficiency demanded the elimination of places where dirt, dust, and vermin could collect. Closed structural sections did the job. All columns, girders, and beams in the two-story manufacturing area are boxed members. Erection was simplified with the use of shop welded plates and erection clips. Connections to the clips were made with welded studs. The intermediate floor beams in this building were set on erection seats. After placement of the members, the framing was completely field welded and painted. An important added benefit of tubular construction. The cost of painting is reduced because the surface area of the tubes is less than other structural shapes. Square tubular columns support the 22 ft high roof in the warehouse area. The weight of these columns is about 1/ half the weight of equivalent road sections. The office section of this plant is enclosed with tiltup panels. Notice how neatly they fit against the flatsided columns, which again can be left exposed. US Steel square and rectangular tubing is ideal for many kinds of one-story buildings, schools, for instance, or churches, shopping centers, and commercial buildings. The crew here is setting 5-in square columns for a school building. The base plates and framing angles attached in the shop make placement of the roof joists easy. Pre-fabricated curtain walls will finish this building and the columns will be left exposed. Here is another application in a school. A complex of three one-story buildings where tubing was used as exposed roof rafters and columns. The clean lines of the exposed structural steel combined with the stone facing to produce a beautiful as well as a sturdy building. In the all-purpose building, interior decoration is enhanced by the combination of wide flanged columns, boxed girdters, and tubular rafters. In the classroom building, the girders and rafters are supported by square columns set against the panel and glass walls of the corridor. The modern covered walkway adds a finished touch to the school complex. For a change of pace, take a look at this modern all steel grandstand and clubhouse at a new trotting racetrack in Pennsylvania. The designer used 35- ft rectangular tubes to frame the large sheets of glass that enclosed the comfortable clubhouse. After erection, glazing stops were fastened to the mullions for attachment of insulated steel sandwich panels and the glass. Once again, only paint was needed to finish the tube framing. The portals to the cantalvered box seats in the grandstand are framed in rectangular steel sections. The joints being beveled and welded. Nowhere is the beauty and versatility of structural tubing better displayed than in this fine home in Connecticut. Rectangular members frame the glass and support floors and roof. Here again, the only finish they needed, even in this luxurious interior, was paint. More proof of the versatility of steel tubing. The front canopy support for this contemporary church. The stained glass front wall is supported by tubular arches. The designer was able to achieve a finished effect economically by simply fastening glazing attachments to the painted tubes. Our survey of the uses of structural tubing would be incomplete without a look through that window on the future, the New York World's Fair. For instance, in this two-story building, the columns are 10x 10in tubes. Connecting angles were welded in the shop. The beams and girdters were attached to the columns with field bolts. The perimeter columns in this futuristic building are 6-in tubes filled with concrete to increase their load carrying capacity. The West Virginia building made of a light demandable frame of hollow structural tubing and conventional road sections. Look at this. A maze of geometric patterns supported by ordinary round steel pipe. Painted a matching silver color, the complex forms the corners of the box-like units. The diagonal steel bracing is attached with countersunk bolts to shop welded gussets. Here's one of the most remarkable and advanced structures at the fair. The exhibit building of the National Cash Register Company. The roof and the suspended second floor of the building are supported by modified space frames made from standard steel pipe. The designer came up with the idea of using hollow steel spheres to connect the members. One of the benefits was that the technique greatly simplified fabrication because every pipe could be cut square and beveled for welding. Subasssemblies were tack welded on simple jigs then joined together in larger jigs and the welding completed. The spheres ranged from 8 to 12 in in diameter. Some of them were connectors for as many as nine tubular members. Sections of the space frames were then shipped to the job site and joined by welding the interconnecting diagonals. The result, a masterpiece, a uniform light steel structure with every member either in tension or compression. Like the Eids bridge, this is a pioneer in steel tube construction. A new concept in structural design that may well be casting a geometric shadow into the next century. The natural advantages of the tubular shape with its uniform distribution of material are realized. At United States Steel, we truly believe this to be the shape of things to come. And this is the beginning. [Applause] [Music]